Chemosensory Systems in COVID-19: Evolution of Scientific Research

Veronese, Sheila; Sbarbati, Andrea

doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00788

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 110 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Meanwhile, since the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has dramatically evolved into numerous variants with an increase in transmissibility characteristics ( 27 , 28 ). There have been at least 12 variants observed among the six continents, which showed a clear spatiotemporal profile.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolving trend change during the COVID-19 pandemic

Gao¹,

Zheng

Shi³

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused unimaginable damage to public health and socio-economic structures worldwide; thus, an epidemiological depiction of the global evolving trends of this disease is necessary. As of March 31, 2022, the number of cases increased gradually over the four waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, indicating the need for continuous countermeasures. The highest total cases per million and total deaths per million were observed in Europe (240,656.542) and South America (2,912.229), despite these developed countries having higher vaccination rates than other continents, such as Africa. In contrast, the lowest of the above two indices were found in undeveloped African countries, which had the lowest number of vaccinations. These data indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic is positively related to the socio-economic development level; meanwhile, the data suggest that the vaccine currently used in these continents cannot completely prevent the spread of COVID-19. Thus, rethinking the feasibility of a single vaccine to control the disease is needed. Although the number of cases in the fourth wave increased exponentially compared to those of the first wave, ~43.1% of deaths were observed during the first wave. This was not only closely linked to multiple factors, including the inadequate preparation for the initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the gradual reduction in the severity of additional variants, and the protection conferred by prior infection and/or vaccination, but this also indicated the change in the main driving dynamic in the fourth wave. Moreover, at least 12 variants were observed globally, showing a clear spatiotemporal profile, which provides the best explanation for the presence of the four waves of the pandemic. Furthermore, there was a clear shift in the trend from multiple variants driving the spread of disease in the early stage of the pandemic to a single Omicron lineage predominating in the fourth wave. These data suggest that the Omicron variant has an advantage in transmissibility over other contemporary co-circulating variants, demonstrating that monitoring new variants is key to reducing further spread. We recommend that public health measures, along with vaccination and testing, are continually implemented to stop the COVID-19 pandemic.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolving trend change during the COVID-19 pandemic

Gao¹,

Zheng

Shi³

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) originated in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and spread rapidly across the world, causing a global pandemic [ 1 ]. More than 3,000,000 COVID-19 cases were reported worldwide by May 1, 2020.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular mechanisms involved in anosmia induced by SARS-CoV-2, with a focus on the transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2

2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has caused a pandemic virus that has posed many challenges worldwide. Infection with this virus can result in a number of symptoms, one of which is anosmia. Olfactory dysfunction can be a temporary or long-term viral complication caused by a disorder of the olfactory neuroepithelium. Processes such as inflammation, apoptosis, and neuronal damage are involved in the development of SARS-CoV-2-induced anosmia. One of the receptors that play a key role in the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cell is the transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2, which facilitates this process by cleaving the viral S protein. The gene encoding TMPRSS2 is located on chromosome 21. It contains 15 exons and has many genetic variations, some of which increase the risk of disease. Delta strains have been shown to be more dependent on TMPRSS2 for cell entry than Omicron strains. Blockade of this receptor by serine protease inhibitors such as camostat and nafamostat can be helpful for treating SARS-CoV-2 symptoms, including anosmia. Proper understanding of the different functional aspects of this serine protease can help to overcome the therapeutic challenges of SARS-CoV-2 symptoms, including anosmia. In this review, we describe the cellular and molecular events involved in anosmia induced by SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the function of the TMPRSS2 receptor.

show abstract

“…In December 2019, the COVID-19 outbreak originated in Wuhan, China and rapidly spread across the world, causing a global pandemic. 1 To date, there have been more than 210 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 3.9 million reported deaths as a result of the virus. 2 Although the source of the virus is still being researched, the majority of cases have been established to be caused by human-to-human transmission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In December 2019, the COVID-19 outbreak originated in Wuhan, China and rapidly spread across the world, causing a global pandemic . To date, there have been more than 210 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 3.9 million reported deaths as a result of the virus .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of Anosmia Caused by Symptoms of COVID-19 and Emerging Treatments

Najafloo

Majidi

Asghari

et al. 2021

ACS Chem. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The occurrence of anosmia, the loss or change in sense of smell, is one of the most common symptoms of COVID-19 experienced by almost 53% of those affected. Several hypotheses explain the mechanism of anosmia in patients suffering from COVID-19. This study aims to review the related mechanisms and answer the questions regarding COVID-19-related anosmia as well as propose a new strategy for treatment of long-term anosmia as a result of COVID-19 infection. This paper covers all of the studies investigating olfactory disorders following COVID-19 infection and explains the possible reasons for the correlated anosmia, including olfactory cleft syndrome, local inflammation in the nasal epithelium, early apoptosis of olfactory cells, changes in olfactory cilia and odor transmission, damage to microglial cells, effect on olfactory bulbs, epithelial olfactory injury, and impairment of olfactory neurons and stem cells. The key questions that arise in this field have been discussed, such as why prevalent anosmia is varied among the age categories and among sexes and the correlation of anosmia with mild or severe COVID-19 infection. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor is a significant player in the mechanism of anosmia in COVID-19 patients. Based on current studies, a novel approach to treat long-COVID-19 with ongoing anosmia has been proposed. The fields of smart drug delivery, tissue engineering, and cell therapy provide a hypothesized strategy that can minimize the side effects of current treatments and support efficient recovery of the olfactory system.

show abstract

Chemosensory Systems in COVID-19: Evolution of Scientific Research

Cited by 12 publications

References 110 publications

Evolving trend change during the COVID-19 pandemic

Evolving trend change during the COVID-19 pandemic

Molecular mechanisms involved in anosmia induced by SARS-CoV-2, with a focus on the transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2

Mechanism of Anosmia Caused by Symptoms of COVID-19 and Emerging Treatments

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About