Smartphone‐coupled Electrochemical Analysis of Cellular Superoxide Anions Based on Mn_x(PO₄)_y Monolayer Modified Porous Carbon

Abstract

Here we established a palm‐sized electrochemical sensor for the determination of cell‐released superoxide anions (O2.−) based on a self‐developed portable potentiostat (xenSTAT) which can perform fast analysis with visual real‐time data and customizable parameters. The xenSTAT was equipped with Bluetooth and USB interfaces, thus being able to be connected with both smartphones and computers for electrochemical analysis. A novel Nanozyme based on Mnx(PO4)y monolayer modified porous carbon cubic was synthesized and used as functional material on the surface of working electrode. By using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry, xenSTAT was demonstrated to exhibit satisfying sensitivity and excellent stability for real‐time monitoring of O2.− released from cancer cells. With decreased cost, customizable development, small size and convenient usage, the xenSTAT described in this work could promote the commercialization and widespread of in‐house built electrochemical sensors for the monitoring of O2.− in the future.

Artificial enzyme innovations in electrochemical devices: advancing wearable and portable sensing technologies

“…•− sensors and democratizing the use of bespoke potentiostats. 100 This section has presented a comprehensive look at the evolution of portable electrochemical sensors enhanced by the use of artificial enzymes. These developments represent a significant advancement in creating compact, efficient monitoring devices applicable in a variety of fields, from environmental analysis to point-of-care diagnostics.…”

“…The device's prowess in pinpointing O 2 ˙ − cannot be understated, as it heralds a new era, potentially catalyzing the commercial trajectory of portable O 2 ˙ − sensors and democratizing the use of bespoke potentiostats. 100…”

Rational Integration of Nanozyme Probe and Smartphone Device for On‐Site Analysis

“…Meanwhile, by using "Color Identifier" to analyze the color signal, dual quantitation of the colorimetric and electrochemical signals for highly accurate monitoring of H 2 O 2 and H 2 S was sensing (Figure 3b). [78] In the presence of applied potential, the superoxide dismutase (SOD)mimic Mn-MPSA-PCC nanozyme could catalyze the dismutation reaction of O 2 *À efficiently, thereby increasing the electrochemical signal intensity. By coupling with a smartphone, rapid determination of the cell-released O 2 *À was achieved with a detection limit as low as 0.063 μM.…”

“…Meanwhile, a Mn x (PO 4 ) y monolayer modified porous carbon cubic (Mn‐MPSA‐PCC) nanozyme was synthesized for O 2 ⋅ − sensing (Figure 3b). [78] In the presence of applied potential, the superoxide dismutase (SOD)‐mimic Mn‐MPSA‐PCC nanozyme could catalyze the dismutation reaction of O 2 ⋅ − efficiently, thereby increasing the electrochemical signal intensity. By coupling with a smartphone, rapid determination of the cell‐released O 2 ⋅ − was achieved with a detection limit as low as 0.063 μM.…”

Manganese‐Based Nanozymes: Preparation, Catalytic Mechanisms, and Biomedical Applications

“…Reproduced with permission. [ 61 ] Copyright 2019, Wiley‐VCH GmbH. m) The HR‐TEM images of Mn@Co NPs.…”