Smartphone-Based Multiplexed Biosensing Tools for Health Monitoring

Abstract

Many emerging technologies have the potential to improve health care by providing more personalized approaches or early diagnostic methods. In this review, we cover smartphone-based multiplexed sensors as affordable and portable sensing platforms for point-of-care devices. Multiplexing has been gaining attention recently for clinical diagnosis considering certain diseases require analysis of complex biological networks instead of single-marker analysis. Smartphones offer tremendous possibilities for on-site detection analysis due to their portability, high accessibility, fast sample processing, and robust imaging capabilities. Straightforward digital analysis and convenient user interfaces support networked health care systems and individualized health monitoring. Detailed biomarker profiling provides fast and accurate analysis for disease diagnosis for limited sample volume collection. Here, multiplexed smartphone-based assays with optical and electrochemical components are covered. Possible wireless or wired communication actuators and portable and wearable sensing integration for various sensing applications are discussed. The crucial features and the weaknesses of these devices are critically evaluated.

Development of a Paper-Based Analytical Method for the Colorimetric Determination of Calcium in Saliva Samples

“…In such instrumentation-free methods, the role of the detector is performed with remarkable success by a domestic photo capture device [ 44 ]. Τhe evolution of technology makes it possible to use many and imaging devices with different capabilities, such as digital cameras, smartphones, web cameras, and flatbed scanners.…”

“…The main advantages of paper as a substrate for analytical applications are the following: (a) it is inexpensive and easily supplied, (b) it has a great proportion of active surface with respect to solution volume, (c) solutions can saturate the devices without the use of pumps and external forces, (d) its fibrous structure enables the storage of reagents, their drying, and their use after a long period of time, and (e) its surface can be modified in such a way as to allow and favor the analytical determination of individual chemical compounds [ 42 ]. In addition, these analytical sensors are also portable or easily transported and installed at the point of need without loss of functionality, and analyte detection can be performed using widely available domestic detectors such as smartphones or flatbed scanners [ 42 , 44 ]. Since their introduction as analytical devices in 2007 by the research group of Prof. G. Whitesides [ 45 ], many researchers, including our research group, have studied a considerable number of paper-based methods and developed several fully functional paper platforms for the detection of a wide variety of environmental, biochemical, and food samples [ 42 , 46 , 47 , 48 ].…”

Decadal Journey of CNT-Based Analytical Biosensing Platforms in the Detection of Human Viruses

“…Wearable biosensors with wireless communication facilities should be introduced to address this problem [ 67 ], enabling the patient to benefit from swift analysis and report the findings, to ensure a timely diagnosis. The integration of biosensors with electronic gadgets possessing smart read-out capabilities is turning into a top requirement in contemporary state-of-the-art living, in line with the current technological evolution [ 68 ]. Conversely, the toxicity of CNT and the greenness of biosensors are currently the major challenges regarding biocompatibility and sustainability.…”

Recent Advances in Smart Organic Sensors for Environmental Monitoring Systems

“…With the recent advances in Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, there is an increasing need to develop next-generation electronic devices that are lightweight, , portable, , and wearable. , Combined with artificial intelligence technologies, the smart sensors for IoT platforms are advancing from the lock-and-key type that monitors a single stimulus to the multiplex type that detects complex stimuli with high precision. , With this technological advancement, demand is growing for key sensing materials that can collect information (e.g., temperature, , humidity, , atmosphere, water quality, light, and movement) from surrounding environmental media.…”