Smartphone-Based Electrochemical Systems for Glucose Monitoring in Biofluids: A Review

Abstract

As a vital biomarker, glucose plays an important role in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Thus, glucose detection has become an important direction in the electrochemical analysis field. In order to realize more convenient, real-time, comfortable and accurate monitoring, smartphone-based portable, wearable and implantable electrochemical glucose monitoring is progressing rapidly. In this review, we firstly introduce technologies integrated in smartphones and the advantages of these technologies in electrochemical glucose detection. Subsequently, this overview illustrates the advances of smartphone-based portable, wearable and implantable electrochemical glucose monitoring systems in diverse biofluids over the last ten years (2012–2022). Specifically, some interesting and innovative technologies are highlighted. In the last section, after discussing the challenges in this field, we offer some future directions, such as application of advanced nanomaterials, novel power sources, simultaneous detection of multiple markers and a closed-loop system.

Recent Progress in Flexible and Wearable All Organic Photoplethysmography Sensors for SpO2 Monitoring

“…[11] Blood glucose can be monitored by an electrochemical sensing mechanism via saliva, sweat, tears, and interstitial fluids. [12,13] Among the various biosensors for cardiovascular monitoring, optoelectronic biosensors take advantage of the straightforward changes in the optical properties of the different biometric elements, due to light absorption, reflection, transmission, interference, emission, or fluorescence patterns. The sensors usually consist of photodetectors that quantify the optical changes and convert them into their corresponding electrical signals.…”

Microfluidic Electrochemical Glucose Biosensor with In Situ Enzyme Immobilization

“…They also enable simultaneous detection of multiple analytes [ 3 ]. Recently, portable smartphone-based readers have been developed to monitor analytes in biofluids [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. These also have many applications, with special emphasis on wearable biosensors [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Non-enzymatic glucose sensing using a nickel hydroxide/chitosan modified screen-printed electrode incorporated into a flow injection analysis system

“…These devices can either be enzymatic or non-enzymatic and typically employ amperometric detection. 4,5 Ideally, the monitoring mechanism must be highly selective for glucose with a rapid, reliable, and reversible response to changing concentrations. 6 Sensor fabrication must also be reproducible and of low cost if to be considered for mass production.…”