Smartphone Addiction and Depression among Low-Income Boys since COVID-19: The Moderating Effect of Being an Only Child

Lee, Jaewon; Lim, Hyejung; Allen, Jennifer; Choi, Gyuhyun; Jung, Jiyu

doi:10.3390/healthcare9101350

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…In other words, the majority of the studies were conducted in countries belonging to the Asian continent. The number of participants in the studies ranged from 129 (Lee et al 2021) to 3615 (Duan et al 2021), with a male/female ratio of 0.78. The lowest average age in the studies was 11.29 ± 0.82 (Chen et al 2020), while the highest average age was 17.57 ± 1.89 (Lee et al 2021).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From this point of view, it can be concluded that there are different mediating/confounding variables that affect the relationship between internet/smartphone addiction and gender. For example, this mediator variable might be attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (Kahraman and Demirci 2018) or there might be a problem such as the presence of depressive symptoms (Lee et al 2021). There is a need for meta-analysis studies examining the mediating variables in order to reach a definite opinion on this issue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Systematic Overview of Adolescents’ Smartphone Habits and Internet Addiction During the COVID-19 Era

YILMAZ¹,

Aydoğdu

Koçtürk

2022

Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar

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In order to prevent the spread of the virus during the Covid-19 epidemic period, measures such as maintaining social distance, quarantine practices, and keeping schools closed have been taken in many countries. In this process, individuals' internet use has also increased in order to restore interpersonal relationships that have decreased with staying at home. In addition, the transfer of educational activities, which are risky to be carried out face-to-face during the epidemic period, to online platforms, as in many countries, brought about an increase in the time spent on devices with internet providers in adolescents. For this reason, it is important to evaluate the results of studies examining the concepts of internet and smartphone addiction in relation to the use of the internet in the Covid-19 period. In this context, in this systematic review, "What is the status of adolescents' smartphone and internet addictions in the Covid-19 Era?" The question has been tried to be answered. As a result of the searches made in the databases, fourteen studies were reached and these studies were examined in depth. The findings showed that adolescents’ internet/smartphone addictions were higher than before the epidemic, the prevalence of internet/smartphone addictions increased in general, and internet/smartphone addictions were associated with adolescents' mental disorders and problems.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Overview of Adolescents’ Smartphone Habits and Internet Addiction During the COVID-19 Era

YILMAZ¹,

Aydoğdu

Koçtürk

2022

Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar

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“…Given that elementary schoolchildren are not mature enough to effectively moderate behavior on their own, they might be less able to control their smartphone usage. 35 Additionally, due to the COVID-19-related online education requirements, their smartphone use may have increased. Many students may become overly reliant on smartphones, even if their parents supervised their usage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…And the detrimental economic effect of COVID-19 has made it more challenging to earn a living. 35 These all contribute to possibly an increase in the time they have to put in for work to maintain a similar level of income generated before the pandemic. That is, in low-income households, parents may not have enough time to manage their children’s smartphone use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower-Income Predicts Increased Smartphone Use and Problematic Behaviors Among Schoolchildren During COVID-19 Related School Modification: A Longitudinal Study

et al. 2022

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Background As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has continued for a couple of years, the long-term effects of the pandemic and the subsequent school curriculum modification on the mental health of children and parents need to be investigated. To clarify the changes that can occur during one school year and to predict the risk factors for vulnerable groups, this study identified parameters relative to children’s screen time, their problematic behavior, and parental depression. Methods A total of 186 participants were analyzed who were parents of elementary schoolchildren in South Korea. These parents were required to complete a web-based questionnaire twice. The questionnaires were conducted in June 2020 and September 2021. Participants’ general demographics including family income, children’s screen time, sleep patterns, problematic behavior, and parental depression were assessed via the parental questionnaire that included various measurement tools. Results Children’s body mass index (BMI) increased significantly in 2021 (18.94 ± 3.75 vs. 18.14 ± 3.30, P < 0.001). Smartphone frequency of use per week (5.35 vs. 4.54, P < 0.001) and screen time per day (3.52 vs. 3.16, P < 0.001) significantly increased during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The television screen time (2.88 vs. 3.26, P < 0.001), frequency of viewing (3.77 vs. 4.77, P < 0.001), and children’s problematic behaviors significantly decreased (9.15 vs. 11.85, P < 0.001). A lower income household was a key predictor of increased smartphone frequency (B = 1.840, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.923–2.757, P < 0.001) and smartphone screen time (B = 1.992, 95% CI, 1.458–2.525, P < 0.001). The results showed that the lower income household (B = 5.624, 95% CI, 2.927–8.320, P < 0.001) and a child’s psychiatric treatment history (B = 7.579, 95% CI, 5.666–9.492, P < 0.001) was the most significant predictor of problematic behaviors of children and parental depression (B = 3.476, 95% CI, 1.628–5.325, P < 0.001; B = 3.138, 95% CI, 1.827–4.450, P < 0.001). Conclusion This study suggested that children’s smartphone screen time and BMI increased during COVID-19 because of the school curriculum modification following school closures in South Korea. The increased children’s problematic behaviors and parental depression were predicted by lower-income households and the previous psychiatric history of children. These results indicate that multiple social support systems to the vulnerable group are needed during the ongoing pandemic and that a modified school setting is required.

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“…And income has a direct impact on interpersonal relationship. Research by Lee et al (2021) shows that low-income boys are at higher risk for smartphone addiction, and that smartphone use reduces the frequency and quality of their interactions with friends. Han (2013) finding that the interpersonal interactions of students at all levels are significantly affected by their family’s economic status.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of income on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Based on the 2020 China family panel survey

Yang

Ren

et al. 2022

Front. Psychol.

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Since December 2019, the COVID-19 has continued to rage, and epidemic prevention policies have limited contact between individuals, which may has a great influence on the income of individuals, exacerbate anxiety and depression, and cause serious mental health problems. The current study aims to examine the association between income and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic by using the data of 9,296 observations from the 2020 China Family Panel Studies. Employing ordinary least squares regression and two-stage least squares regression, we find the significant positive effect of income on Chinese mental health during this pandemic. In addition, the number of cigarettes smoked per day has significant negative effects on mental health. Education levelˎmarriage and exercise frequency have significant positive correlation with mental health. Furthermore, the impact of income on individuals of different groups is heterogeneous during this pandemic. The impact of income for well-educated individuals is less strong than their less-educated counterparts. People who exercise regularly respond less strongly to changes in income than those who do not exercise. Finally, individuals’ salary satisfaction and interpersonal relationship are shown to be the potential mechanism for the effect of income on Chinese mental health.

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Smartphone Addiction and Depression among Low-Income Boys since COVID-19: The Moderating Effect of Being an Only Child

Cited by 13 publications

References 34 publications

A Systematic Overview of Adolescents’ Smartphone Habits and Internet Addiction During the COVID-19 Era

A Systematic Overview of Adolescents’ Smartphone Habits and Internet Addiction During the COVID-19 Era

Lower-Income Predicts Increased Smartphone Use and Problematic Behaviors Among Schoolchildren During COVID-19 Related School Modification: A Longitudinal Study

Impact of income on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Based on the 2020 China family panel survey

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