Smart Grid communication applications: measurement equipment and networks architecture for data and energy flow

Abstract

Smart Grid is an advanced two way data and energy flow capable of self-healing, adaptive, resilient, and sustainable with prediction capability of possible fault. This article aimed to disclose Smart Grid communication in a logical way to facilitate the understanding of each component function. The study was focused on the improvement, advantages, common used design, and possible feature of Smart Grid communication components. The results of the study divide the Smart Grid communication application into two main category i.e. measurement equipment and network architecture. Measurement equipment consists of Advance Metering Infrastructure, Phasor Measurement Unit, Intelligent Electronic Devices, and Wide Area Measurement System. The network architecture is divided based on three hierarchies; local area network for 1 to 100 m with 100 kbps data rate, neighbour area network for 100 m to 10 km with 100 Mbps data rate, and wide area network for up to 100 km with 1 Gbps data rate. More information is provided regarding the routing protocol for each network from various available protocols. The final section presents the energy and data flow architecture for Smart Grid implementation based on the measurement equipment and the network suitability. This article is expected to provide a comprehensive guide and comparison surrounding the technologies supporting Smart Grid implementation especially on communication applications.

Detection of False Data Injection Attacks in Smart-Grid Systems: Benchmarking Deep Learning Techniques

“…The term "SG idea" is used to describe a variety of things, including "A network where all consumers may reach efficient, affordable, accessible, and reliable energy by using control and communication technology" [4]. As an alternative, SG is a system that is adaptable, dependable, and interactive, and enables the integration and optimization of renewable energy sources [5,6].…”

Characterization of Measurements for Smart Grids

“…In this context, measurements are playing an increasingly important role [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. It is essential to monitor continuously not only the usual quantities, such as voltage, current, active power, and reactive power, but also all the parameters related to power quality.…”

Component degradation and system deterioration: An overview of early termination of PV-DG microgrid system

“…It is commonly known that microgrid reliability is a trend in the publication, which is focused on enhancing the microgrid performance [20] [21] or optimizing the configuration [22][23] [24] and technological choice [25] [26]. Research [3] tried to enhance the stability of the generation section performance using proper design and planning, while research [20] tried to enhance the performance at the energy source section using scheduling and upgrading.…”

“…Study [22] optimized configuration and sizing, while [23][24] [27] see the optimization of redesigning techno-economic aspects. The approach in [25] focused on technological choice, while [26] focused on topological configuration. However, microgrid installations are occasionally followed by unique challenges both in the technical and social aspects [28].…”