Biogas from anaerobic digestion of organic materials is a renewable energy resource that consists mainly of CH4 and CO2. Trace components that are often present in biogas are water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, siloxanes, hydrocarbons, ammonia, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. Considering the biogas is a clean and renewable form of energy that could well substitute the conventional source of energy (fossil fuels), the optimization of this type of energy becomes substantial. Various optimization techniques in biogas production process had been developed, including pretreatment, biotechnological approaches, co-digestion as well as the use of serial digester. For some application, the certain purity degree of biogas is needed. The presence of CO2 and other trace components in biogas could affect engine performance adversely. Reducing CO2 content will significantly upgrade the quality of biogas and enhancing the calorific value. Upgrading is generally performed in order to meet the standards for use as vehicle fuel or for injection in the natural gas grid. Different methods for biogas upgrading are used. They differ in functioning, the necessary quality conditions of the incoming gas, and the efficiency. Biogas can be purified from CO2 using pressure swing adsorption, membrane separation, physical or chemical CO2 absorption. This paper reviews the various techniques, which could be used to optimize the biogas production as well as to upgrade the biogas quality.

The deployment of electric vehicle (EV) as the new era of green transportation needs a continuous support on charging infrastructure. Charging mechanism could be provided in residential area or in the public area. In public area, charging infrastructure could be in the form of fixed charging station (FCS) or delivered as a mobile charging station (MCS). MCS unit should be in the form of truck-type vehicle equipped with several charging outlet to conduct charging for EVs inside or outside FCS area. When conducting off-grid charging outside FCS area, MCS power source would come from energy storage equipped inside the MCS. There are several energy storages widely used in EV application such as battery and ultracapacitor. This paper determined that Lithium-iron phosphate (LiFePO4) is the most suitable battery and electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) is the most appropriate ultracapacitor for MCS application. The combination of battery and ultracapacitor provide current and voltag e respond which is fit to conduct fast or ultrafast charging. This paper also provides an energy storage system to facilitate battery and ultracapacitor to be installed in MCS truck utilizing back compartment, side panels, and dash board.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract