Smallpox Surveillance in Bangladesh: I - Development of Surveillance Containment Strategy

Foster, Stanley O.; Ward, Nicholas A. B.; Joarder, Amina; Arnt, N; Tarantola, Daniel; Rahman, Mahfuzur; Hughes, Kenneth

doi:10.1093/ije/9.4.329

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…There is considerable current debate regarding the pros and cons of mass vaccination and containment strategies in the event of a smallpox outbreak, 13–15 as well as how to balance the risks of the disease versus the risks of the vaccine. A strategy that proved successful in containing outbreaks of smallpox during the WHO eradication campaign was “ring vaccination.” 16 This strategy involves identification and isolation of infected individuals, vaccination of household contacts and other close contacts (i.e., primary contacts) of the infected individual, and vaccination of household contacts of the primary contacts (i.e., secondary contacts). If a smallpox outbreak occurred today, surveillance and containment would be used to control the outbreak and disease transmission 17…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smallpox: A Disease of the Past? Consideration for Midwives

Constantin

Martinelli²,

Foster

et al. 2003

J Midwife Womens Health

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Smallpox infection was often more severe in pregnant women than in non-pregnant women or in men, regardless of vaccination status. Women with smallpox infection during pregnancy have higher rates of abortions, stillbirths, and preterm deliveries than women without the disease. Pregnant women have high incidences of hemorrhagic-type and flat-type smallpox, which are associated with extremely high fatality rates. Although smallpox was eradicated in the late 1970s, current international concern exists regarding the potential use of smallpox virus as an agent for bioterrorism. This manuscript reviews clinical aspects of smallpox, smallpox immunization, and outcomes in pregnant women.

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Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smallpox: A Disease of the Past? Consideration for Midwives

Constantin

Martinelli²,

Foster

et al. 2003

J Midwife Womens Health

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“…Smallpox cases predicted by the transmission model [2] and "observed" in Bangladesh, 1972-75. The symbols represent daily estimates obtained from the corrected monthly observations illustrated in Figure 5, adjusted to match the annual totals of Hughes and coworkers [3]. Impact of improved surveillance and containment on the reproduction number.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eradication of smallpox required effective surveillance including the identification and reporting of smallpox cases, the analysis of data, the preparation and distribution of reports, and most importantly, use of this data to strengthen surveillance and containment [3]. As the new government struggled to reestablish a functioning health system, 10,734 smallpox cases were reported in 1972.…”

Section: Surveillancementioning

confidence: 99%

Smallpox eradication in Bangladesh, 1972–1976

Foster

Hughes

Tarantola

et al. 2011

Vaccine

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Rahima Bano, the world's last endemic case of severe smallpox, Variola Major, developed rash on October 16, 1975 on Bhola Island, Bangladesh. Achieving eradication in a country destroyed by war challenged the achievement of smallpox eradication. Between January 1, 1972 and December 31, 1975, 225,000 smallpox cases and 45,000 smallpox deaths occurred. Adapting the global smallpox eradication strategies of surveillance, the detection of smallpox cases, and containment, the interruption of smallpox transmission, utilized progress toward three objectives to monitor performance: 1) Surveillance -the percent smallpox infected villages detected within 14 days of the first case of rash, 2) Knowledge of the Reward -public knowledge of the current amount of the reward for reporting smallpox, and 3) Containment -the percent of infected villages interrupting smallpox transmission within 14 days of detection. Failures to achieve these objectives led to identification and implementation of improved strategies that eventually achieved eradication. Essential to this success was a tripartite partnership of the citizens of Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Ministry of Health and its field staff, and personnel and resources mobilized by the World Health Organization.

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“…Additionally, the multi-stakeholder Regional Steering Committee of the $100 million USD RAI has no mandate or authority to direct or coordinate actions across all dimensions of response to MDR- P. falciparum in the GMS. This situation is in stark contrast to the end stages of smallpox eradication [ 14 ], and more recent efforts to eliminate polio or tackle SARS [ 15 ]. In all of these programmes, there has been a single unified structure under WHO coordination, with clear lines of responsibility and accountability.…”

Section: Establish a Command-and-control Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Eliminate now: seven critical actions required to accelerate elimination of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion

Lover

Gosling

Feachem

et al. 2016

Malar J

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The emergence in 2009 of Plasmodium falciparum parasites resistant to the primary therapies currently in use (artemisinin-based combination therapy, ACT) in Southeast Asia threatens to set back decades of global progress in malaria control and elimination. Progress to date through multiple sets of initiatives and partners to contain or eliminate these parasites has been hampered due to a wide range of organizational, financial, and health systems-level challenges. In this commentary, a set of seven specific and concrete actions are proposed to directly address these issues and to accelerate P. falciparum elimination within the Greater Mekong Subregion to avert a wider public health crisis. These actions are specifically needed to elevate the situation and response mechanisms to those of a true emergency; to address systems-level challenges with personnel limitations and stock-outs of key commodities; and to restructure the response mechanisms to be well-aligned with the required outcomes. Consideration of these issues is especially pressing with planning meetings for renewal of the Regional Artemisinin-resistance Initiative (RAI) framework slated for late 2016 and into 2017, but these suggestions are also relevant for malaria programmes globally.

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Smallpox Surveillance in Bangladesh: I - Development of Surveillance Containment Strategy

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Smallpox: A Disease of the Past? Consideration for Midwives

Smallpox: A Disease of the Past? Consideration for Midwives

Smallpox eradication in Bangladesh, 1972–1976

Eliminate now: seven critical actions required to accelerate elimination of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion

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