Small-scale pig farmers’ behavior, silent release of African swine fever virus and consequences for disease spread

Costard, S.; Zagmutt, Francisco J.; Porphyre, Thibaud; Pfeiffer, Dirk U.

doi:10.1038/srep17074

Cited by 53 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The effectiveness of prevention is also influenced by socioeconomic, cultural, or traditional factors that will predispose the capability, attitudes, or willingness of people involved in disease control to implement preventive strategies. The understanding of such factors is particularly critical for backyards and small farmers, since economic and resources restraints can more easily limit the achievement of the preventive measure objective (16, 95). Generally, the effectiveness of preventive measures will be related to how farmers perceive the importance of each measures as well as what measures they are actually implementing (55).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relevant Measures to Prevent the Spread of African Swine Fever in the European Union Domestic Pig Sector

et al. 2018

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During the past decade, African swine fever (ASF) has spread from the Caucasus region to eastern European Union countries affecting domestic pig and wild boar populations. In order to avert ASF spread, mitigation measures targeting both populations have been established. However, despite these efforts, ASF has been reported in thirteen different countries (Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Moldova, Czech Republic, and Romania). In the absence of an effective vaccine or treatment to ASF, introduction and spread of ASF onto domestic pig farms can only be prevented by strict compliance to control measures. This study systematically reviewed available measures to prevent the spread of ASF in the EU domestic pig sector distinguishing between commercial, non-commercial, and outdoor farms. The search was performed in PubMed and using a common browser. A total of 52 documents were selected for the final review process, which included scientific articles, reports, EU documents and official recommendations, among others. From this literature review, 37 measures were identified as preventive measures for the introduction and spread of ASF. Subsequently, these measures were assessed by ASF experts for their relevance in the mitigation of ASF spread on the three mentioned types of farms. All experts agreed that some of the important preventive measures for all three types of farms were: the identification of animals and farm records; strict enforcement of the ban on swill feeding; and containment of pigs, so as to not allow direct or indirect pig–pig and/or pig–wild boar contacts. Other important preventive measures for all farms were education of farmers, workers, and operators; no contact between farmers and farm staff and external pigs; appropriate removal of carcasses, slaughter residues, and food waste; proper disposal of manure and dead animals, and abstaining from hunting activities during the previous 48 h (allowing a 48 h interval between hunting and being in contact with domestic pigs). Finally, all experts identified that the important preventive measures for non-commercial and outdoor farms is to improve access of those farms to veterinarians and health services.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relevant Measures to Prevent the Spread of African Swine Fever in the European Union Domestic Pig Sector

et al. 2018

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“…A spatial regression analysis found density of the road network, of water bodies and of the domestic swine population to be associated with outbreaks in Russia [34] and a spatial spread model found the movement of infected animals to be the most important factor in the spread of ASFV [35]. In the backyard sector the main risk factors are human induced, such as illegal movements of infected pork meat and swill feeding together with suspected cases underreporting and “emergency sales” [36]. The backyard sector commonly uses swill as supplementary feed, which may include untreated ASFV contaminated pork or pig products.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventive measures aimed at minimizing the risk of African swine fever virus spread in pig farming systems

Rutili²,

2016

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African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most severe diseases of pigs; it has a drastic impact on the pig industry, causing serious socio-economic consequences to pig farmers and pork producers. In Europe, there are currently two main clusters of infection; one in Sardinia caused by strains of African swine fever virus (ASFV) belonging to genotype I and another in Eastern Europe caused by strains of ASFV belonging to genotype II. The latter is inducing an acute form of ASF and it represents a serious threat to the pig sector. ASF is a disease for which there is no effective vaccine; therefore, prevention has a pivotal role in the control strategy of the disease. This review describes the main preventive measures to adopt to mitigate the risk of ASF spread in pig farming systems.

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“…However, the confirmation of ASFV may suggest a number of scenarios i.e. (i) infected pigs never get reported by farmers, (ii) the disease reporting system is not efficient (Tsofo, 2010), (iii) perhaps the positive pigs were brought in from infected locations or (iv) the pigs were carriers from previously infected herd (Costard et al, 2015). The result obtained also revealed that 41.7% of the ownership of pigs within the study area were by males against 58.3% by females (Table 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular detection of African swine fever virus in apparently healthy domestic pigs in Nasarawa state, Nigeria

Ayas¹,

Bot²,

Jambol³

et al. 2017

Sokoto J. Vet. Sc.

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A cross-sectional survey was carried out to investigate the presence of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in domestic pigs in Nasarawa state. This state is surrounded by other states that had earlier reported ASF outbreaks in domestic pigs. Pig blood was collected and screened for ASFV DNA by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Apparent healthy pigs from Doma, Awe, Obi, Keana and Lafia local government areas of Nasarawa state were screened. A total of 1.9% (2/103) of the samples were found to be positive from Keana and Lafia. Of the 103 farmers surveyed, 58.3 % were females and 41.7% males. Management of pigs was predominantly semi-intensive (87.4%) with most of the pens built with mud bricks (51.5%), 31% built with concrete and 18.4% with wooden materials. Most of the farmers have formal education while 14.6% do not have any form of education. However, 23.3% of farms had a history of tick infestation around pens which is a predisposing factor for ASF. In conclusion, Nasarawa state is not free of ASFV. Pigs in the state are owned by smallholder farmers (within an average range of 1-20 pigs) with a sizeable number without education. More females are involved in production compared to males should be supported as a strategy for poverty alleviation.

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Small-scale pig farmers’ behavior, silent release of African swine fever virus and consequences for disease spread

Cited by 53 publications

References 25 publications

Relevant Measures to Prevent the Spread of African Swine Fever in the European Union Domestic Pig Sector

Relevant Measures to Prevent the Spread of African Swine Fever in the European Union Domestic Pig Sector

Preventive measures aimed at minimizing the risk of African swine fever virus spread in pig farming systems

Molecular detection of African swine fever virus in apparently healthy domestic pigs in Nasarawa state, Nigeria

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