Small Frogs Get Their Worms First: The Role of Nonodonate Arthropods in the Recruitment of Haematoloechus Coloradensis and Haematoloechus Complexus in Newly Metamorphosed Northern Leopard Frogs, Rana Pipiens, and Woodhouse's Toads, Bufo Woodhousii

Why American Higher Education Needs Parasitologists

“…In nature, most parasitic relationships are embedded in a complex array of trophic and ecological interactions instead of a well-ordered scheme-of-things life cycle diagram. Furthermore, this array can easily differ in substantial ways from region to region, and even from site to site within a region, as demonstrated by the work of Janovy (2007a, 2007b), Bolek et al (2009Bolek et al ( , 2010, and Langford and Janovy (2009). My impression, based on years of listening to nonparasitologists talk about parasitism, is that non-parasitologists FIGURES 10, 11.…”

“…The Nevens site has no fish but does support a sizeable bullfrog population. Typical studies made possible by such easy access include not only those on gregarine population dynamics (Logan et al, 2012;Bunker et al, 2013), but also frog lung fluke papers such as those by Snyder and Janovy (1996) and Bolek et al (2010). The trematode work has been particularly revealing, showing that movements of parasites through ecosystems may be controlled in ways rarely envisioned by non-parasitologists studying life cycle diagrams such as those in Figure 10.…”

Haematoloechus Lung Flukes in American Bullfrogs: Prevalence and Associations of Infection

“…Alternatively, mayflies (Ephemeroptera), beetles (Coleoptera), midges (Diptera), and crustaceans can be secondary hosts for H. coloradensis, and H. complexus (Bolek & Janovy, 2007b;Snyder & Janovy, 1994). The variation in arthropod host may depend both on species of fluke and their environment.…”

“…For example, Snyder and Janovy (1994) labelled H. complexus as a second intermediate host generalist, capable of infecting not only ecologically different species of odonate but also other aquatic arthropods. This study does not distinguish between species of Haematoloechus due to the disputed reliability of morphology in species-level identification (León-Règagnon, et al, 2001); I worked under the assumption that odonates are the principal second intermediate hosts within this bullfrog population, as indicated by Bolek and Janovy (2007b).…”

“…Within the odonate host, fluke cercariae typically encyst and become inactive metacercariae, although Bolek and Janovy (2007a) documented unencysted metacercariae within certain species. Survivability of the metacercariae through the final metamorphosis of the odonate varies with the geographic region and species of fluke (Bolek & Janovy, 2007b;Dronen, 1975;Novak & Goater, 2013). Haematoloechus species which do not encyst tend to have lower survival through the metamorphosis of odonate hosts (Bolek & Janovy, 2007b).…”