Small extracellular vesicles: a novel drug delivery system for neurodegenerative disorders

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have a slow onset and are usually detected late during disease. NDs are often difficult to cure due to the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which makes it difficult to find effective treatments and drugs, causing great stress and financial burden to families and society. Currently, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are the most promising drug delivery systems (DDSs) for targeted delivery of molecules to specific sites in the brain as a therapeutic vehicle due to their low toxicity, low immunogenicity, high stability, high delivery efficiency, high biocompatibility and trans-BBB functionality. Here, we review the therapeutic application of sEVs in several NDs, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, discuss the current barriers associated with sEVs and brain-targeted DDS, and suggest future research directions.

Regulation of fatty acid delivery to metastases by tumor endothelium

“…Our data demonstrates that mTORC1 promotes endosomal transcytosis in microvascular lung endothelial cells to mediate transendothelial fatty acid delivery during metastatic outgrowth. Indeed, endothelial transcytosis involves RAB7 late endosomes, feeding into microvesicular bodies that release small extracellular vesicles, both of which contain palmitate as cargo [36][37][38] . We also demonstrated that mTORC1 regulated expression of CLSTN1, a protein implicated in endosomal trafficking and exocytosis 20,21 .…”

Extracellular vesicles targeting non-parenchymal cells: the therapeutical effect on liver fibrosis

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