Slowed Learning in Lambs Prenatally Exposed to Lead

Tl, Carson; Ga, Van Gelder; Gc, Karas; Wb, Buck

doi:10.1080/00039896.1974.10666554

Cited by 90 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…For exam-tion (bigger vs smaller circle) (Figure 4). In a Ls the route of study in lambs exposed prenatally and postegative results natally (87), six visual discrimination probdid not reach lems were presented sequentially. The first gh doses pro-five were shape discriminations, while the -ularly true in sixth was a size discrimination problem.…”

Section: Human Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral effects of lead: commonalities between experimental and epidemiologic data.

Rice

1996

Environ Health Perspect

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Section: Human Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral effects of lead: commonalities between experimental and epidemiologic data.

Rice

1996

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Postnatal manifestations (such as on physical development, learning abilty and neurological behaviour) of lesions induced by lead prenatally in rats and lambs have been reported by a number of authors (Brady et al, 1975;Carson et al, 1974;Grant et a'., 1976;Tesh & Pritchard, 1977;Van Gelder et a'., 1973) Ut is questionable to what extent these animal studies actually provide models for changes observed in children after lead exposure in utero) .…”

Section: Route and Dosagementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans

Hamilton¹

1979

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Tasks that are too easy, as indicated by the ability of subjects to achieve high levels of accuracy, are not sufficiently sensitive for detecting toxicant effects. Carson et al (83) reported, for example, that lead-exposed sheep exhibited no difference from control in learning to discriminate a vertical from a horizontal line gradient, whereas they exhibited lower levels of accuracy in discriminating a large from a small circle, with the latter discrimination requiring significantly longer to learn in controls. Similarly, Wood et al (84) demonstrated that toluene disrupted behavior that was at lower accuracy levels but did not disrupt behavior maintained at high accuracy levels in a fixed consecutive number schedule of reinforcement.…”

Section: Cognitive Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods to identify and characterize developmental neurotoxicity for human health risk assessment. I: behavioral effects.

Cory‐Slechta

Crofton

Foran

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

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79The normal structure and function of the nervous system may be altered as a result of exposure to some xenobiotics before or after birth. Alterations in nervous system function may be identified in laboratory animals using neurobehavioral methods. Our understanding of neurobehavioral methods is derived primarily from an extensive history of use in four related disciplines: experimental psychology, ethology, biopsychology, and behavioral pharmacology. Because of the vast array of technologies and experimental models provided by these histories, the neurobehavioral panel of the working group convened by the International Life Sciences Institute Risk Science Institute decided to limit and focus our discussion to those most relevant and promising for developmental assessment. We divided the available assessment methods into six categories: sensory function, motor function, cognitive function, social behaviors, autonomic/thermoregulatory processes, and biologic rhythms. Developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) data available for the first three categories far exceed the data available for the latter three; therefore, discussion of the first three categories was more extensive and focused on basic principles that form the basis for proper use and interpretation. The consensus of the neurobehavioral panel was that the behavioral test methods used in DNT testing are, for the most part, employed correctly in hundreds of different laboratories around the world. However, there are numerous examples of the misuse of these methods and misinterpretation of results derived from these methods. Therefore, a major focus of the discussion that follows outlines the principles for proper use and interpretation of these methods. The latter three categories were discussed less extensively and primarily from the standpoint of potential usefulness for DNT. Although neurophysiologic techniques also have an extensive history of use in both neuroscience and clinical neurology (1), these have not been used on a wide scale for DNT studies and were outside the scope of the current discussion. Common IssuesMany issues are common to most, if not all, methods of behavioral testing for DNT. The importance of most of these issues has been recognized, with attempts to ensure that methodology addresses them appropriately. Discussions in this section provide additional guidance on consideration of these issues in the use of behavioral test methods in DNT testing.Behavioral tests vary along many dimensions of desirable properties, including the amount of available validation data, speed of testing, breadth and/or specificity of test results, availability of equipment and personnel to conduct the test, and extrapolation of results among species. Thus, the most desirable properties depend upon the experimental context (i.e., what is the question being asked? What other end points are available to address the issue?). The latter question is extremely important and often overlooked because most tests are part of a battery. If little is known about a test subst...

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Slowed Learning in Lambs Prenatally Exposed to Lead

Cited by 90 publications

References 20 publications

Behavioral effects of lead: commonalities between experimental and epidemiologic data.

Behavioral effects of lead: commonalities between experimental and epidemiologic data.

Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans

Methods to identify and characterize developmental neurotoxicity for human health risk assessment. I: behavioral effects.

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