Over the past decade, super-resolution ultrasound localization
microscopy (SR-ULM) has revolutionized ultrasound imaging with its
capability to resolve the microvascular structures below the ultrasound
diffraction limit. The introduction of this imaging technique enables
the visualization, quantification, and characterization of tissue
microvasculature. The early implementations of SR-ULM utilize microbubbles
(MBs) that require a long image acquisition time due to the requirement
of capturing sparsely isolated microbubble signals. The next-generation
SR-ULM employs nanodroplets that have the potential to significantly
reduce the image acquisition time without sacrificing the resolution.
This review discusses various nanodroplet-based ultrasound localization
microscopy techniques and their corresponding imaging mechanisms.
A summary is given on the preclinical applications of SR-ULM with
nanodroplets, and the challenges in the clinical translation of nanodroplet-based
SR-ULM are presented while discussing the future perspectives. In
conclusion, ultrasound localization microscopy is a promising microvasculature
imaging technology that can provide new diagnostic and prognostic
information for a wide range of pathologies, such as cancer, heart
conditions, and autoimmune diseases, and enable personalized treatment
monitoring at a microlevel.