Sleep does not enhance motor sequence learning.

Rickard, Timothy C.; Cai, Denise J.; Rieth, Cory A.; Jones, Jason; Ard, M. Colin

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.834

Cited by 148 publications

(216 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…Compared with its baseline performance in the evening, the night/sleep group started off in the morning with a decreased TpS of 83 ms (0.47 SD) in the delayed retest session, whereas the day/awake group started off with a nonsignificant increase of 24 ms TpS in the evening. In addition, to make sure this pattern of results was not driven by averaging across trials within the first block of the retest session (12), the subjects' individual times to execute each sequence were analyzed (Fig. 2B).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Importantly, such improvements were present as soon as participants began executing the sequence task in the retest session. This suggests that performance gains were not due to data averaging across trial blocks, hence masking a simple end product of continued learning within that session (12), but rather that they reflect the expression of a real motor memory consolidation process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brain plasticity related to the consolidation of motor sequence learning and motor adaptation

Debas

Carrier²,

Orban

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

253

243

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This study aimed to investigate, through functional MRI (fMRI), the neuronal substrates associated with the consolidation process of two motor skills: motor sequence learning (MSL) and motor adaptation (MA). Four groups of young healthy individuals were assigned to either (i) a night/sleep condition, in which they were scanned while practicing a finger sequence learning task or an eight-target adaptation pointing task in the evening (test) and were scanned again 12 h later in the morning (retest) or (ii) a day/awake condition, in which they were scanned on the MSL or the MA tasks in the morning and were rescanned 12 h later in the evening. As expected and consistent with the behavioral results, the functional data revealed increased test-retest changes of activity in the striatum for the night/sleep group compared with the day/awake group in the MSL task. By contrast, the results of the MA task did not show any difference in test-retest activity between the night/sleep and day/awake groups. When the two MA task groups were combined, however, increased test-retest activity was found in lobule VI of the cerebellar cortex. Together, these findings highlight the presence of both functional and structural dissociations reflecting the off-line consolidation processes of MSL and MA. They suggest that MSL consolidation is sleep dependent and reflected by a differential increase of neural activity within the corticostriatal system, whereas MA consolidation necessitates either a period of daytime or sleep and is associated with increased neuronal activity within the corticocerebellar system. functional MRI | memory consolidation | motor learning | sleep | wakefulness M otor memory consolidation refers to the "off-line" process by which a memory trace initially labile becomes more robust and fixed. Accumulated evidence has shown that sleep contributes to this physiological process, but that its effect depends on the nature of the motor learning demands (see ref. 1 for a review). For example, several researchers have demonstrated that the consolidation of a newly learned sequence of movements (motor sequence learning, MSL) acquired through explicit mechanisms is sleep dependent, as performance gains have been observed after nocturnal sleep, but not after the simple passage of time (2-5). By contrast, the role of sleep in the consolidation of skills, in which subjects have to adapt to sensorimotor perturbations (motor adaptation, MA), has been more controversial. Whereas Huber and colleagues (6) have reported that better performance on such a task was only observed in subjects who slept following training, Doyon et al. (2) have recently demonstrated that similar performance gains could be seen after a night of sleep or an equivalent period of daytime.Numerous studies have previously demonstrated that the striatum, cerebellum, and motor-related cortical regions play a critical role in the acquisition of MSL and MA skill behaviors (7-9). Investigations of the brain regions mediating the consolidation process of these motor abi...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain plasticity related to the consolidation of motor sequence learning and motor adaptation

Debas

Carrier²,

Orban

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

253

243

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“…Firstly, it should be noted that this is a qualitatively di erent e ect to the one reported in Walker et al (2003), which was a substantial decrement in performance (accuracy) between Day 2 and Day 3. Furthermore, the e ect is rather tenuous evidence for reconsolidation: (i) there was no "no-reminder" control condition (R -I + or R -I -; see C4, C6, C7 in Chapter 2); (ii) the intervention was delivered during, rather than after reactivation (see C2 in Chapter 2); and (iii) such "o ine gains" can often be driven by various procedural confounds (Rickard, Cai, Rieth, Jones, & Ard, 2008). In summary, the outcomes of this set of studies (Beukelaar et al, 2014;Censor et al, 2010Censor et al, , 2014bCensor et al, , 2014a As noted above, another possible explanation for the discrepancy in findings is that some unanticipated variable(s) moderated the e ect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Hardwicke¹

2017

Preprint

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The human memory system must resolve a critical tension, ensuring that knowledge endures over time (persistence), whilst simultaneously retaining a capacity for updating when knowledge is outdated or erroneous (plasticity). In this thesis, I examine the provocative idea that memory traces can be overwritten with new information, especially during transient periods of retrieval-induced plasticity that occur when a trace undergoes reconsolidation. A systematic review of human reconsolidation studies finds that the evidentiary support for this claim is remarkably tenuous. Furthermore, the theory fails to survive several strong empirical tests. In Experiments 1-7, I do not replicate a previous finding that is widely cited as a convincing demonstration of human reconsolidation. In Experiments 8-10, I revisit the ‘destructive updating’ account of the classic ‘misinformation effect’ in the context of reconsolidation theory. These experiments show that the effect can be eliminated when an appropriate recognition test is used, demonstrating that event traces are not irrecoverably lost, and therefore cannot have been overwritten during reconsolidation. In Experiment 11, I examine whether prior retrieval will help or hinder the correction of naturally occurring semantic misconceptions. Contrary to reconsolidation theory, I find that knowledge updating is not contingent on memory retrieval, nor does it result in the overwriting of prior knowledge.Finally, in the context of media ‘breaking news’ reports (Experiment 12), I find that the provision of an explicit retraction message, coupled with an alternative account with high causal coverage, is insufficient to eliminate reliance on false information. Finally, I contend that the widespread proliferation of ad hoc hypotheses, and the absence of systematic direct replication, has caused the field of reconsolidation to descend into a theoretical quagmire.I make several recommendations based on the principles of open science that may help to restore mechanisms of self-correction and foster genuine theoretical progress.

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“…Moreover, testing mice during this phase is equally problematic (Chaudhury and Colwell 2002). Second, the animals were tested within 24 h of the sleep deprivation, and performance deficits could result from residual fatigue (Rickard et al 2008;McKenna et al 2009). Third, there was no adequate control for the sleep deprivation method used, to demonstrate that it was lack of sleep per se that produced the deficit.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sleep deprivation and Pavlovian fear conditioning

Cai¹,

Shuman²,

Harrison³

et al. 2009

Learn. Mem.

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Sleep has been suggested to play a role in memory consolidation. Prior rodent studies have used sleep deprivation to examine this relationship. First, we reexamined the effects of sleep deprivation on Pavlovian fear conditioning. We found that the deprivation method itself (i.e., gentle handling) induced deficits independent of sleep. Second, we examined an alternative method of sleep deprivation using amphetamine and found that this method failed to induce amnesia. These data indicate that sleep deprivation is a problematic way to examine the role of sleep in memory consolidation, and an alternative paradigm is proposed.

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Sleep does not enhance motor sequence learning.

Cited by 148 publications

References 38 publications

Brain plasticity related to the consolidation of motor sequence learning and motor adaptation

Brain plasticity related to the consolidation of motor sequence learning and motor adaptation

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Sleep deprivation and Pavlovian fear conditioning

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