SkinDeEP: A Profiling Instrument for Upper-Decameter Sea Surface Measurements

Ward, Brian; Wanninkhof, Rik; Minnett, Peter J.; Head, Michael

doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0207:sapifu>2.0.co;2

Cited by 43 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In the future, it is hoped that the analysis and understanding of the salinity stratification effect will improve owing to the ongoing international efforts conducted for performing large number of measurements of the salinity closer to the sea surface than traditional in situ measurements and at several depths close to the sea surface, either using autonomous drifters (Reverdin et al, 2012) or high resolution profilers, like the ARGO-STS (Anderson and Riser, 2012) or the ASIP profiler (Ward et al, 2004;Vialard et al, 2009). In addition, the long time series of SMOS and Aquarius SSS together with these new measurements will allow wider validation of new remotely sensed SSS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sea surface freshening inferred from SMOS and ARGO salinity: impact of rain

et al. 2013

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Abstract. The sea surface salinity (SSS) measured from space by the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission has recently been revisited by the European Space Agency first campaign reprocessing. We show that, with respect to the previous version, biases close to land and ice greatly decrease. The accuracy of SMOS SSS averaged over 10 days, 100 × 100 km 2 in the open ocean and estimated by comparison to ARGO (Array for Real-Time Geostrophic Oceanography) SSS is on the order of 0.3-0.4 in tropical and subtropical regions and 0.5 in a cold region. The averaged negative SSS bias (−0.1) observed in the tropical Pacific Ocean between 5 • N and 15 • N, relatively to other regions, is suppressed when SMOS observations concomitant with rain events, as detected from SSM/Is (Special Sensor Microwave Imager) rain rates, are removed from the SMOS-ARGO comparisons. The SMOS freshening is linearly correlated to SSM/Is rain rate with a slope estimated to −0.14 mm −1 h, after correction for rain atmospheric contribution. This tendency is the signature of the temporal SSS variability between the time of SMOS and ARGO measurements linked to rain variability and of the vertical salinity stratification between the first centimeter of the sea surface layer sampled by SMOS and the 5 m depth sampled by ARGO. However, given that the whole set of collocations includes situations with ARGO measurements concomitant with rain events collocated with SMOS measurements under no rain, the mean −0.1 bias and the negative skewness of the statistical distribution of SMOS minus ARGO SSS difference are very likely the mean signature of the vertical salinity stratification. In the future, the analysis of ongoing in situ salinity measurements in the top 50 cm of the sea surface and of Aquarius satellite SSS are expected to provide complementary information about the sea surface salinity stratification.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sea surface freshening inferred from SMOS and ARGO salinity: impact of rain

et al. 2013

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“…Data are recorded only during the ascending phase of the profile when sensors are out of the wake of the instrument. For a more thorough description of the instrument, see Ward et al [2004].…”

Section: High-resolution Temperature and Salinity Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of rain on air‐sea gas exchange: Lessons from a model ocean

Zappa

McGillis

et al. 2004

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] Rain has been shown to significantly enhance the rate of air-water gas exchange in fresh water environments, and the mechanism behind this enhancement has been studied in laboratory experiments. In the ocean, the effects of rain are complicated by the potential influence of density stratification at the water surface. Since it is difficult to perform controlled rain-induced gas exchange experiments in the open ocean, an SF 6 evasion experiment was conducted in the artificial ocean at Biosphere 2. The measurements show a rapid depletion of SF 6 in the surface layer due to rain enhancement of air-sea gas exchange, and the gas transfer velocity was similar to that predicted from the relationship established from freshwater laboratory experiments. However, because vertical mixing is reduced by stratification, the overall gas flux is lower than that found during freshwater experiments. Physical measurements of various properties of the ocean during the rain events further elucidate the mechanisms behind the observed response. The findings suggest that short, intense rain events accelerate gas exchange in oceanic environments.

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“…Observed temperature profiles of the upper 5 m of the ocean were measured by the Skin Depth Experimental Profiler (SkinDeEP) (Ward et al, 2004b) and also by its successor the Air-Sea Interaction Profiler (ASIP) (Ward et al, 2012). The profiles presented here were obtained during three separate field experiments: Gulf of California in 1999 (hereafter GC99), Gulf of Lions (Mediterranean) in 2003 (hereafter GL03), and the Indian Ocean in 2007 (hereafter IO07).…”

Section: B Scanlon Et Al: Near-surface Diurnal Warming Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SkinDeEP is an autonomous profiler capable of measuring temperature to a sub-centimetre resolution. At it's typical rising velocity of 0.5 m s −1 , the resolution is 3 mm (see Ward et al (2004b) for a complete description of SkinDeEP). ASIP is similar in concept to SkinDeEP, but has a much larger sensor range, can profile to 100 m, and has a larger battery capacity.…”

Section: B Scanlon Et Al: Near-surface Diurnal Warming Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Near-surface diurnal warming simulations: validation with high resolution profile measurements

Scanlon

Wick²,

Ward

2013

Ocean Sci.

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Abstract.Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important property for governing the exchange of energy between the ocean and the atmosphere. Common in situ methods of measuring SST often require a cool-skin and warm-layer adjustment in the presence of diurnal warming effects. A critical requirement for an ocean submodel is that it can simulate the change in SST over diurnal, seasonal and annual cycles. In this paper we use high-resolution near-surface profiles of SST to validate simulated near-surface temperature profiles from a modified version of the Kantha and Clayson 1-D mixed-layer model. Additional model enhancements such as the incorporation of a more recent parameterization of turbulence generated by wave breaking and a recent solar absorption model are also validated. The model simulations show a strong variability in highly stratified conditions, with different models providing the best results depending on the specific criteria and conditions. In general, the models with enhanced wave breaking effects provided underestimated temperature profiles while the more coarse baseline and blended approaches produced the most accurate SST estimates.

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SkinDeEP: A Profiling Instrument for Upper-Decameter Sea Surface Measurements

Cited by 43 publications

References 25 publications

Sea surface freshening inferred from SMOS and ARGO salinity: impact of rain

Sea surface freshening inferred from SMOS and ARGO salinity: impact of rain

Influence of rain on air‐sea gas exchange: Lessons from a model ocean

Near-surface diurnal warming simulations: validation with high resolution profile measurements

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