“…This assumption is spurious for several reasons. First, whereas some researchers account for a number of placebo factors (e.g., Flor & Birbaumer, 1993), the introduction of sham biofeedback often demonstrates equivalence between veridical and placebo biofeedback (e.g., Andrasik & Holroyd, 1980, 1983Hunyor et al, 1997;Mullinix, Norton, Hack, & Fishman, 1978;Nicassio, Boylan, & McCabe, 1982;Plotkin & Rice, 1981;Rains & Penzien, 2005;Rains, 2008). Second, even if research confirms the specificity of biofeedback, the discrepancy between well-established relationships (e.g., muscle tension and chronic pain or heart rate variability and anxiety) and our muddled insights linking brain oscillations with psychological functioning, precludes generalization.…”