Skin‐like Elastomer Embedded Zinc Oxide Nanoarrays for Biomechanical Energy Harvesting

Abstract

mechanical energy from those motions to electrical energy to power the portable electronics or as a sensor to monitor vital physiological signals such as the heart rate and blood pressure. The latter is designed to be implanted inside the body usually via a thoracotomy surgery such as a cardiac pacemaker. [12] An example is the implantable cardiac energy harvester that can convert the heart beating motion into electrical energy to power a pacemaker. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Since these devices directly contact human skins or organs, they need to be highly flexible, deformable, and biocompatible.Thanks to the recent advances in energy harvesting (EH) materials, researchers have developed many sustainable energy strategies for those wearable and implantable cardiac devices, one of the most prominent is the piezoelectric energy nanogenerator (PENG). [6] PENG is built on piezoelectric materials which exhibit piezoelectric effect, that is, the material will generate electricity when subject to mechanical stress or strain due to electric polarization in the material. [21] Piezoelectricity exists in many different materials, including ceramics, single crystals, and polymers. Piezoelectric ceramics such as ZnO, BaTiO 3 (BTO), Pb(Zr x Ti 1-x )-O 3 (PZT), have high piezoelectric coefficient, but they are considered too rigid and fragile for use in wearable or implantable devices, and slight stretching can lead to material failure.

Plasmonic nanosensors for point-of-care biomarker detection

“…Advancement of nanomaterials facilitate the progress in medicine ranging from implantable biomedical devices [ [221] , [222] , [223] , [224] , [225] , [226] ] to disease biosensors as illustrated in this review. The recent progress on the design of plasmonic nanomaterial-based biosensors for biomarker detection with a perspective of POC applications was systematically and comprehensively reviewed.…”

Progress on Self-Powered Wearable and Implantable Systems Driven by Nanogenerators

“…chest [78] knee [80,108]; foot [32,48,77] heart and pericardium [87,101,105] pacemaker lead [97,116] elbow [26,56] chest [29,50]; duodenum [120]; stomach [103] knee [26,30,56] neck [18,19,29,50,52] tumor cells [94] lung [86] waist [21,25,27,45,55,74,81] elbow [49,72,76] the surface of bone [99] heart [83,84,86,106,110,114] eye [23,28] wrist [18,29,50] the subdermal dorsal region [93] blood vessel…”

“…Applications human-machine interface [20,55] motion monitoring [19,29,37,50] anti-bacteria [99] in vivo health monitoring [83,97,119] motion monitoring [21,27,33,56,74] health monitoring [18,49,52] anti-tumor therapy [94] in vivo therapying [29,103,104,114] health monitoring [27,45,78] wound healing [79] in vivo health monitoring [101,105,120] regeneration of tissues [85] eye motion monitoring [23,28] power supply [18,32,72,77] electrical stimulator [98] implanted sensor [112] voice and gesture recognition [20,44,65] power supply [87,88,92,93] power supply [84,106,…”

“…ZnO nanowire is widely used as well. Congran Jin et al developed a PENG based on ZnO nanoarrays embedded in a PDMS membrane [84] [76], as shown in Figure 3d. This hierarchical micro-structured piezoelectric membrane is fabricated by electrospun P(VDF-TrFE) fibers with polydopamine modified BATiO 3 nanoparticles anchored on the surface.…”

“…gran Jin et al developed a PENG based on ZnO nanoarrays embedded in a PDMS membrane [84], as shown in Figure 3b. It generates 9.2 V open-circuit voltage and can be stretched to 250%.…”