Skin distribution and pharmaceutical aspects of adapalene gel

Novel Beads Made of Alpha-cyclodextrin and Oil for Topical Delivery of a Lipophilic Drug

“…For all three formulations, adapalene was clearly visualised at the openings of follicular ducts (Fig. 5), believed to be the preferred target sites for this drug (8,13).…”

“…1a). Differin \ gel has been described as a homogeneous suspension of adapalene microcrystals (8); no information has been published, however, about the physical state of the drug in Differin \ cream. Figures 1b and c show that both products contain mostly spherical adapelene microparticles ranging in size from 1 to 5 mm.…”

Topical tretinoin or adapalene in acne vulgaris: an overview

“…However, another study of the irritant effect of adapalene in an alcoholic vehicle similar to tretinoin, showed that even alcoholic adapalene gel had less irritation potential, casting a doubt that formulation alone was a complete explanation for the decreased irritation noted with adapalene. 46 It can be presumed that retinoids may be cytotoxic for keratinocytes to a degree that may not correlate with receptor binding activity. The more neutral adapalene molecule is probably less cytotoxic to keratinocytes than the long chain organic acid, tretinoin.…”

Measurement of Skin Permeation/Penetration of Nanoparticles for Their Safety Evaluation

“…The results suggest that these nanoparticles must accumulate in the lower level of the average skin surface. 18) Recent papers 19,20) indicated that nanoparticles do not permeate skin; however, Jeong et al, 21) Lademann et al 22) and Vogt et al 23) reported selective penetration of nanoparticles into hair follicles. [21][22][23][24] Our present data support these results.…”