Skin damage by tropospheric ozone

Blueberry Extracts as a Novel Approach to Prevent Ozone-Induced Cutaneous Inflammasome Activation

“…Pollution is a term used to describe a wide array of pollutants (ozone, diesel fuel exhaust, cigarette smoke, and heavy metals) to which living organisms are exposed, and among them, tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) is one of the most toxic [2]. O 3 concentrations can vary depending on altitude, seasonality, and the geographical location of the area (rural or urban); in some of the most polluted cities, O 3 concentration can reach concentration between 0.5 ppm and 0.8 ppm [2][3][4]. O 3 is a secondary pollutant because its formation is due to the interaction between the hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen released from car exhaust and sunlight (UV), leading to photochemical smog [2].…”

“…O 3 concentrations can vary depending on altitude, seasonality, and the geographical location of the area (rural or urban); in some of the most polluted cities, O 3 concentration can reach concentration between 0.5 ppm and 0.8 ppm [2][3][4]. O 3 is a secondary pollutant because its formation is due to the interaction between the hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen released from car exhaust and sunlight (UV), leading to photochemical smog [2]. The effects of O 3 exposure on target organs such as the respiratory tract have been investigated over the last 3 decades, and a strong correlation was clearly revealed between the development of respiratory conditions and ozone exposure.…”

“…The effects of O 3 exposure on target organs such as the respiratory tract have been investigated over the last 3 decades, and a strong correlation was clearly revealed between the development of respiratory conditions and ozone exposure. On the other hand, the effects that O 3 has on the skin have been studied only recently [5][6][7][8] suggesting a link between the development of skin conditions and ozone exposure [2,[9][10][11]. Although O 3 is not a radical per se, it is very reactive and its ability to induce tissue damage is mainly associated with its interaction with the cutaneous lipids present in the stratum corneum (SC), generating molecules such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and lipid peroxidation products (4 hydroxynonenal (4HNE)) that can trigger an inflammatory response [12][13][14][15][16].…”

Environmental aging of the skin: new insights

“…Although O 3 cannot penetrate the skin, it oxidizes lipids on the skin's surface, thereby triggering destructive inflammatory cascades in deeper cellular layers, turning on genes to produce inflammatory cytokines -interleukin-8 (Iℓ-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) [19,20] -all of which have been measured in response to surface O 3 . This inflammatory onslaught certainly disrupts dermal cells and extracellular matrix to exacerbate photoaging [21] .…”

“…HSP 27 actually increases 20-fold and HSP 70 by 8-fold in response to O 3 . These HSPs may mitigate the oxidative harm from surface O 3 [19] . Further defending against all of the O 3 -induced oxidative stress is activation of the antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor of kappa-light-chain-enhancers of activated B-cells (NF-κB) in keratinocytes as well as in dermal cells, as demonstrated in vitro and in vivo [19,22] .…”