Skin burn risks using transcutaneous direct current

Lambert, Hendrik; Baetselier, E. De; Vanalme, Greet; Mey, G. De

doi:10.1109/iembs.1995.575293

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Moreover, using large (sponge) electrodes it becomes increasingly impractical to uniformly control skin contact conditions such as avoiding regions of low-moisture (e.g. following evaporation), uneven gel thickness, or previously damaged skin (Lambert 1995; Lagopoulos and Degabriele, 2008 ), this in turn increases hazards (Schwartz 1989). Finally, increasing electrode area increases the area of skin directly stimulated which (especially if current density is fixed) may increase perception/pain (Martinsen et al, 2004; Prausnitz 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodes for high-definition transcutaneous DC stimulation for applications in drug delivery and electrotherapy, including tDCS

Minhas

Bansal

Patel

et al. 2010

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

221

168

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Transcutaneous electrical stimulation is applied in a range of biomedical applications including Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). tDCS is a non-invasive procedure where a weak direct current (<2 mA) is applied across the scalp to modulate brain function. High-Definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) is a technique used to increase the spatial focality of tDCS by passing current across the scalp using <12 mm diameter electrodes.The purpose of this study was to design and optimize "high-definition" electrode-gel parameters for electrode durability, skin safety, and subjective pain. Anode and cathode electrode potential, temperature, pH, and subjective sensation over time were assessed during application of 2 mA direct current, for up to 22 minutes on agar gel or subject forearms. A selection of 5 types of solidconductors (Ag pellet, Ag/AgCl pellet, Rubber pellet, Ag/AgCl ring, and Ag/AgCl disc) and 7 conductive gels (Signa, Spectra, Tensive, Redux, BioGel, Lectron, and CCNY-4) were investigated.The Ag/AgCl ring in combination with CCNY-4 gel resulted in the most favorable outcomes. Under anode stimulations, electrode potential and temperature rises were generally observed in all electrode-gel combinations except for Ag/AgCl ring and disc electrodes. pH remained constant for all solid-conductors except for both Ag and Rubber pellet electrodes with Signa and CCNY-4 gels. Sensation ratings were independent of stimulation polarity. Ag/AgCl ring electrodes were found to be the most comfortable followed by Ag, Rubber, and Ag/AgCl pellet electrodes across all gels.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodes for high-definition transcutaneous DC stimulation for applications in drug delivery and electrotherapy, including tDCS

Minhas

Bansal

Patel

et al. 2010

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

221

168

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“…Besides physical exercise, electric and electromagnetic stimulation has been used for muscle training . Electromagnetic stimulation appears to dominate over the electrical stimulation as it induces double the peak torque, penetrates deeper into the tissue and is not associated with any pain or risks of burns . As electromagnetic stimulation has been shown to strengthen the muscles, and an intensive muscle training was shown to induce lipolysis, we hypothesize that the concept of electromagnetic stimulation can be applied for body shaping.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and efficacy of a novel high‐intensity focused electromagnetic technology device for noninvasive abdominal body shaping

Jacob

Paskova

2018

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

112

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“…Common to these applications are occasional reports of pain, tissue damage, erythema, rash, or burns on the skin at the point where electrodes are placed 1,3,11,18,19,24,28,30,31,33. The origin of these electrical burns is not well understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Concentric Ring Electrode Electrical Stimulation on Rat Skin

2010

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Surface electrodes are commonly used electrodes clinically, in applications such as functional electrical stimulation for the restoration of motor functions, pain relief, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, electrocardiographic monitoring, defibrillation, surface cardiac pacing, and advanced drug delivery systems. Common to these applications are occasional reports of pain, tissue damage, rash, or burns on the skin at the point where electrodes are placed. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the effects of acute noninvasive electrical stimulation from concentric ring electrodes (CRE) to determine the maximum safe current limit. We developed a three-dimensional multi-layer model and calculated the temperature profile under the CRE and the corresponding energy density with electrical-thermal coupled field analysis. Infrared thermography was used to measure skin temperature during electrical stimulation to verify the computer simulations. We also performed histological analysis to study cell morphology and characterize any resulting tissue damage. The simulation results are accurate for low energy density distributions. It can also be concluded that as long as the specified energy density applied is kept below 0.92 (A 2 /cm 4 ·s −1 ), the maximum temperature will remain within the safe limits. Future work should focus on the effects of the electrode paste.

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Skin burn risks using transcutaneous direct current

Cited by 8 publications

References 3 publications

Electrodes for high-definition transcutaneous DC stimulation for applications in drug delivery and electrotherapy, including tDCS

Electrodes for high-definition transcutaneous DC stimulation for applications in drug delivery and electrotherapy, including tDCS

Safety and efficacy of a novel high‐intensity focused electromagnetic technology device for noninvasive abdominal body shaping

The Effects of Concentric Ring Electrode Electrical Stimulation on Rat Skin

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