Electrodes for high-definition transcutaneous DC stimulation for applications in drug delivery and electrotherapy, including tDCS

Minhas, Preet; Bansal, Varun; Patel, J.; Ho, Johnson; Díaz, José Carlos Losada; Datta, Abhishek; Bikson, Marom

doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.05.007

Cited by 218 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Although iontophoresis delivery of topically applied APMg was shown to improve follicular penetration, the use of iontophoresis in the scalp requires further study since hairs are nonconductors. Nevertheless, various types of electrotreatment for skin and scalp have been evaluated not only as drug delivery modalities but also as electrotherapies [13].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Iontophoretic Delivery of Magnesium Ascorbyl 2-Phosphate and Sodium Fluorescein to Hairless and Hairy Mouse Skin

Kang¹,

Kim²,

Sung³

et al. 2012

JCDSA

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We recently reported that L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AP) stimulates the growth of human dermal papilla (DP) cells, induces secretion of IGF-1 from the DP cells to promote hair shafts elongation in cultured human hair follicles, and triggers early progression from the telogen to anagen phase in mice. Since the magnesium salt of AP (APMg) is a highly hydrophilic ionic molecule, it is not easy to deliver this reagent to the skin or hair follicles by topical application alone. In order to enhance skin penetration of APMg without changing any molecular properties, a non-invasive iontophoretic delivery method was introduced. Iontophoresis of the negatively charged APMg under the electrode bearing same charge (cathode) significantly enhanced the in vitro penetration of APMg into a Franz cell equipped with mouse dorsal skin. In contrast, iontophoretic movement with the anode inhibited APMg penetration achieved with passive diffusion alone. The effect of iontophoresis on enhancing the penetration of APMg was also found to be much higher in the skin of hairy mice (3 -8 times) compared to hairless mice (1.5 -2.5 times). These findings indicated that iontophoretic movement induced the transfollicular pathway more strongly and effectively than the transdermal pathway. This phenomena was also demonstrated by the in vivo iontophoretic delivery of sodium fluorescein using hairy and hairless mice. The degree of iontophoretic enhancement during APMg penetration was also dependent on various conditions such as current density and application duration.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Iontophoretic Delivery of Magnesium Ascorbyl 2-Phosphate and Sodium Fluorescein to Hairless and Hairy Mouse Skin

Kang¹,

Kim²,

Sung³

et al. 2012

JCDSA

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“…A 4 ϫ 1 montage consisting of five sintered Ag/AgCl ring electrodes was used and these electrodes were arranged on the skull in a 4 ϫ 1 ring configuration as suggested by the previous literature (Minhas et al, 2010). The electrodes were held in place in plastic electrode holders in a fitted cap (EASYCAP).…”

Section: Brain Stimulation Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although HD-tDCS is associated with stronger scalp sensations than conventional tDCS, it has been shown to be safe and tolerable with applications of up to 2.0 mA for 20 min (Minhas et al, 2010;Borckardt et al, 2012;Kuo et al, 2013).…”

Section: Brain Stimulation Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intention Modulates the Effect of Punishment Threat in Norm Enforcement via the Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex

Zhang

Yin

et al. 2016

Journal of Neuroscience

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Although economic theories suggest that punishment threat is crucial for maintaining social norms, counterexamples are noted in which punishment threat hinders norm compliance. Such discrepancy may arise from the intention behind the threat: unintentionally introduced punishment threat facilitates, whereas intentionally introduced punishment threat hinders, norm compliance. Here, we combined a dictator game and fMRI to investigate how intention modulates the effect of punishment threat on norm compliance and the neural substrates of this modulation. We also investigated whether this modulation can be influenced by brain stimulation. Human participants divided an amount of money between themselves and a partner. The partner (intentionally) or a computer program (unintentionally) decided to retain or waive the right to punish the participant upon selfish distribution. Compared with the unintentional condition, participants allocated more when the partner intentionally waived the power of punishment, but less when the partner retained such power. The right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (rLOFC) showed higher activation when the partner waived compared with when the computer waived or when the partner retained the power. The functional connectivity between the rLOFC and the brain network associated with intention/mentalizing processing was predictive of the allocation difference induced by intention. Moreover, inhibition or activation of the rLOFC by brain stimulation decreased or increased, respectively, the participants' reliance on the partner's intention during monetary allocation. These findings demonstrate that the perceived intention of punishment threat plays a crucial role in norm compliance and that the LOFC is casually involved in the implementation of intention-based cooperative decisions.

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“…. This methods paper focused only on conventional tDCS (using larger sponge electrodes), and it is important to emphasize that HD-tDCS requires specific electrodes 15 , skin preparation, and stimulator hardware. It is not recommended to apply tDCS using 1-2 mA of sponge electrodes 14,15 .…”

Section: Start Tdcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

DaSilva

Volz

Bikson

et al. 2011

JoVE

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242

192

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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a non-invasive and safe alternative to change cortical excitability 2 . The effects of one session of tDCS can last for several minutes, and its effects depend on polarity of stimulation, such as that cathodal stimulation induces a decrease in cortical excitability, and anodal stimulation induces an increase in cortical excitability that may last beyond the duration of stimulation 6 . These effects have been explored in cognitive neuroscience and also clinically in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders -especially when applied over several consecutive sessions 4 . One area that has been attracting attention of neuroscientists and clinicians is the use of tDCS for modulation of pain-related neural networks 3,5 . Modulation of two main cortical areas in pain research has been explored: primary motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 7 . Due to the critical role of electrode montage, in this article, we show different alternatives for electrode placement for tDCS clinical trials on pain; discussing advantages and disadvantages of each method of stimulation.

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Electrodes for high-definition transcutaneous DC stimulation for applications in drug delivery and electrotherapy, including tDCS

Cited by 218 publications

References 43 publications

Enhanced Iontophoretic Delivery of Magnesium Ascorbyl 2-Phosphate and Sodium Fluorescein to Hairless and Hairy Mouse Skin

Enhanced Iontophoretic Delivery of Magnesium Ascorbyl 2-Phosphate and Sodium Fluorescein to Hairless and Hairy Mouse Skin

Intention Modulates the Effect of Punishment Threat in Norm Enforcement via the Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

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