Skin Ageing: Pathophysiology and Current Market Treatment Approaches

Abstract

: Ageing is a natural phenomenon which is a fold, ridge and crease in the skin that occurs due to loss of body mass, poor hydration, disintegration of dermis and epidermis junction. The Skin ageing process involves many changes that occur due to the combination of both endogenous factors (gene mutation, cellular metabolism, and hormonal factor) and exogenous factors (U.V, pollutants, chemical, and toxins). In 1950, the number of older people were found to be almost 205 million across the globe. But this number almost got 4 times by the year 2012 and the number of older persons increased to a massive amount of 810 million. The ageing of the skin occurs due to various mechanisms like glycation, free radical, cell cycle, and cellular and molecular mechanism of skin ageing. In this review article, we have discussed the treatment, worldwide newer therapies and marketed formulation that are currently available for the reduction of skin ageing. The most promising and revolutionizing field of nanotechnology is mostly applied in the field of dermatology, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. Nanotechnology also plays a vital role in increasing the efficacy of the product.

Proniosomal Gel for Topical Delivery of Rutin: Preparation, Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro Toxicological Profile Using 3D Reconstructed Human Epidermis Tissue and 2D Cells

“…It is a hydrophobic polyphenolic compound belonging to the family of flavonoids [ 15 ], one of the most valuable classes of plant-derived phytochemicals [ 16 ]. Due to its multispectral biochemical and pharmacological activities, especially antioxidant (as presented in Figure 1 ) and anti-inflammatory properties, this small molecule gained its place in various studies that aimed to assess its potential as an active ingredient [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ] in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products [ 22 ].…”

Carnosine Stimulates Macrophage-Mediated Clearance of Senescent Skin Cells Through Activation of the AKT2 Signaling Pathway by CD36 and RAGE

“…Effective interventions are required to address the rise in the aging population in our society and the psychosocial impact of skin aging, which can be rather dramatic. It is worth noting that although some treatments such as retinoids, antioxidants, hormone replacement therapy and stem cell therapy may help to delay skin aging (McCullough and Kelly, 2006;Zhang and Duan, 2018;Chaudhary et al, 2020), a more rigorous approach is required to efficiently prevent the occurrence of skin aging. Keratinocytes as well as fibroblasts play a critical part in skin aging and they are also the cell types most studied in the investigation of the senescence process.…”

Aplicabilidade dos bioestimuladores de colágeno (Ácido Poli-L-Lático e Hidroxiapatita de Cálcio) no preenchimento dérmico em áreas off-face do corpo

“…Há, portanto, uma diminuição geral na viscoelasticidade da derme, bem como da elasticidade relacionada ao componente fibrilar e a viscosidade dependente do material fundamental extracelular. Nesse sentido, observa-se ainda que os fibroblastos da derme papilar são muito mais afetados em sua quantidade, morfologia e funções do que os fibroblastos na derme reticular por envelhecimento cronológico (Chaudhary et al, 2020). Estas características conhecidas no processo, de modo geral, são bem estudadas e documentadas, ainda que diversas vias sejam ainda pouco compreendidas, especialmente no que se refere aos mecanismos em diferentes condições e fatores.…”

“…Procedimentos estéticos têm a finalidade de eliminar características que evidenciam o envelhecimento da pele, seja prevenindo e/ou tratando a disfunção. Dessa forma, preenchimentos são técnicas que utilizam produtos para infusão dentro ou por baixo da pele para reestruturá-la, melhorar contornos e até mesmo dar volume (Chaudhary et al, 2020).…”

“…Assim, o conhecimento de diferenças anatômicas do rosto e corpo, bem como os fatores subjacentes à fisiopatologia do envelhecimento são fundamentais para oferecer os melhores resultados (Sadick, 2018;Wat et al, 2018). Na maioria dos casos, a associação de vários procedimentos é favorável, como parte do objetivo e na busca por resultados satisfatórios e significativos (Chaudhary et al, 2020;Fabi et al, 2017).…”