Skim milk compared with a fruit drink acutely reduces appetite and energy intake in overweight men and women

Abstract

Background: Several studies show that proteins, including whey and casein, are more satiating than carbohydrates. It follows that skim milk would be more satiating than sugar-rich beverages. However, this has yet to be shown. Objective: The objective was to investigate the effects of drinking skim milk in comparison with a fruit drink at breakfast on selfreported postmeal satiety and energy intake at lunch. Design: In a randomized crossover trial, 34 overweight women (n = 21) and men (n = 13) attended 2 sessions 1 wk apart. At each session, participants consumed a fixed-energy breakfast together with either 600 mL skim milk (25 g protein, 36 g lactose, ,1 g fat; 1062 kJ) or 600 mL fruit drink (,1 g protein, 63 g sugar, ,1 g fat; '1062 kJ). Participants provided satiety ratings throughout the morning. Four hours after breakfast they consumed an ad libitum lunch, and energy intake was assessed. Results: Participants consumed significantly less energy at lunch after consuming skim milk (mean: 2432 kJ; 95% CI: 2160, 2704 kJ) than after consuming the fruit drink (mean: 2658 kJ; 95% CI: 2386, 2930 kJ), with a mean difference of '8.5% (P , 0.05). In addition, self-reports of satiety were higher throughout the morning after consumption of skim milk than after consumption of the fruit drink (P , 0.05) with the differences becoming larger over the 4 h (P , 0.05). Conclusion: Consumption of skim milk, in comparison with a fruit drink, leads to increased perceptions of satiety and to decreased energy intake at a subsequent meal. This trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry at www.anzctr.org. au as ACTRN12608000510347.

Satiety scores and satiety hormone response after sucrose-sweetened soft drink compared with isocaloric semi-skimmed milk and with non-caloric soft drink: a controlled trial

“…Dove et al (2009) found that 600 ml of skim milk with 25 g protein reduced the EI at the following meal by 8.6% corresponding to a difference of 226 kJ (Po0.05) compared with isocaloric fruit juice. However, in agreement with our results DellaValle et al (2005) found no changes in EI between regular cola, fruit juice or milk (1% fat) after the volunteers consumed 360 g of the various beverages together with a meal.…”

“…Also, Soenen and Westerterp-Plantenga (2007) found similar effects of milk and SSSD on appetite sensations in a 140-min intervention. The different results may be because of the fact that the effect of milk on satiation sensations and subsequently on EI grows over time and is most pronounced after 2 h or longer after the milk intake (Anderson et al, 2004;Dove et al, 2009). Dove et al (2009) performed a study rather like ours with a test drink followed by an ad libitum meal 4 h later.…”

“…The different results may be because of the fact that the effect of milk on satiation sensations and subsequently on EI grows over time and is most pronounced after 2 h or longer after the milk intake (Anderson et al, 2004;Dove et al, 2009). Dove et al (2009) performed a study rather like ours with a test drink followed by an ad libitum meal 4 h later. Our results are rather similar except that their difference of EI between milk and fruit juice at 226 kJ reached statistical significance, whereas the difference of 173 kJ between regular cola and milk in our study did not.…”

“…Recently, Dove et al (2009) showed that skim milk compared with a sugar-sweetened fruit drink decreased hunger and EI 4 h after consumption of the test drink. Sugary beverages may be less satiating than milk because of the content of protein or fat in milk (Fischer et al, 2004;Bertenshaw et al, 2008;Paddon-Jones et al, 2008;Dove et al, 2009) that might affect insulin and appetite-regulating hormones to a larger extent than carbohydrates and promote satiation to a larger degree (Foster-Schubert et al, 2008;Wolnerhanssen and Beglinger, 2010). However, other studies have failed to show decreased EI after milk compared with SSSD (Almiron- Roig and Drewnowski, 2003;DellaValle et al, 2005;Harper et al, 2007;Soenen and Westerterp-Plantenga, 2007).…”

“…Investigation of the effects of milk compared with sugar-sweetened soft drinks (SSSD) on appetite and energy intake (EI) seems warranted, as milk is considered to be part of a healthy diet, whereas SSSD has been associated with obesity development, which is suggested to be owing to lack of proper satiation induced by this beverage (DiMeglio and Mattes, 2000;Ludwig et al, 2001;Dubois et al, 2007;Leidy et al, 2009). Recently, Dove et al (2009) showed that skim milk compared with a sugar-sweetened fruit drink decreased hunger and EI 4 h after consumption of the test drink. Sugary beverages may be less satiating than milk because of the content of protein or fat in milk (Fischer et al, 2004;Bertenshaw et al, 2008;Paddon-Jones et al, 2008;Dove et al, 2009) that might affect insulin and appetite-regulating hormones to a larger extent than carbohydrates and promote satiation to a larger degree (Foster-Schubert et al, 2008;Wolnerhanssen and Beglinger, 2010).…”