Skermanella stibiiresistens sp. nov., a highly antimony-resistant bacterium isolated from coal-mining soil, and emended description of the genus Skermanella

Abstract

A Gram-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped, antimony-resistant bacterium, designated strain SB22 T , was isolated from soil of Jixi coal mine, China. The major cellular fatty acids (.5 %) were C 18 : 1 v7c (63.5 %), summed feature 2 (C 14 : 0 3-OH and/or iso-C 16 : 1 I, 10.8 %) and C 16 : 0 (9.9 %). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unknown aminolipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 69.6 mol% and Q-10 was the major respiratory quinone. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SB22T was most closely related to Skermanella aerolata 5416T-

Genomic analysis of Skermanella stibiiresistens type strain SB22T

“…A total of 515 conserved proteins were identified among them using cluster algorithm tool MCL (http://micans.org/mcl/) with default values and a neighbor joining (NJ) tree was built based on this set. The phylogenetic tree showed that strain SB22 T was closely related to the genera Azospirillum and Rhodospirillum , which was consistent with the taxonomy previously determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis [6]. Classification and general features of S.…”

“…stibiiresistens SB22 T is closely related to some species of genera Azospirillum and Rhodospirillum [6]. Genus Rhodospirillum is described as a photosynthetic non-sulfur purple bacterium that favors growth in an anoxygenic, photosynthetic, nitrogen-fixing environment [26].…”

“…Later, it was transferred to the genus Skermanella (family Rhodospirillaceae ) on the basis of phylogenetic evidence and phenotypic characteristics, especially the inability to fix nitrogen [2,3]. At present, this genus comprises four validly published species, Skermanella parooensis [3], Skermanella aerolata [4], Skermanella xinjiangensis [5] and Skermanella stibiiresistens [6], which were isolated from fresh water, air, sandy soil and a coal mine, respectively.…”

Microbial Antimony Biogeochemistry: Enzymes, Regulation, and Related Metabolic Pathways

“…Moreover, in the case of Sb(III) adsorbed onto goethite, oxidation only occurs in the light and was pH dependent, increasing at pH values of Ͼ5 (107). Since the Sb(III)-oxidizing bacteria reported so far have all been isolated from neutral-pH-range environments (31,(109)(110)(111)(112)(113)(114)(115), it appears that microbes may play a major role of Sb(III) oxidation at circumneutral pH.…”

“…2. The Sb(III)-oxidizing strains identified thus far belong to 17 genera, including Pseudomonas (22 strains), Comamonas (10 strains), Agrobacterium (8 strains), Acinetobacter (7 strains), Stenotrophomonas (3 strains), Variovorax (3 strains), Paracoccus (2 strains), Sphingopyxis (2 strains), Aminobacter (1 strain), Arthrobacter (1 strain), Bacillus (1 strain), Janibacter (1 strain), Stibiobacter (1 strain), Thiobacillus (1 strain), Hydrogenophaga (1 strain), Cupriavidus (1 strain), and Sinorhizobium (1 strain) (31,109,(111)(112)(113)(114)(115)(116). Among all of these Sb(III)-oxidizing strains, Pseudomonas, Comamonas, Agrobacterium, and Acinetobacter are four major genera that make up 34%, 15%, 12%, and 11% of known Sb(III)-oxidizing strains, respectively ( Fig.…”