Skeletal Muscle Adaptability: Significance for Metabolism and Performance

Saltin, Bengt; Gollnick, P. D.

doi:10.1002/cphy.cp100119

Cited by 555 publications

(658 citation statements)

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“…With as much as 30-50% of total muscle mass active at VO 2max (Rowell 1986;Saltin and Gollnick 1983), the locomotor muscles can demand approximately 85% of maximal cardiac output during exercise. The resultant increase in muscle blood flow is a major stress on the finite cardiac output.…”

Section: Blood Volumes and Vo 2maxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between body composition, blood volume and maximal oxygen uptake

Kearns

McKeever

John‐Alder

et al. 2002

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryIt has long been known that body mass and, more specifically, lean body mass are strongly correlated with maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) in man and animals. However, there are no data to date describing this phenomenon in the horse. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between body composition and VO 2max in the horse. Twenty-three healthy and unfit Standardbred mares performed an incremental exercise test (GXT) to measure VO 2max . Rump fat thickness (RTH), a measure of fat covering, was measured using B-mode ultrasound. Plasma volume, total blood volume and red cell volume were determined, using the Evan's Blue dye dilution technique and packed cell volume. VO 2max was correlated with body mass (r = 0.541; P<0.01) and exercise haematocrit (exHCT; r = 0.407; P<0.05) but not RTH or the other haematological variables. To eliminate the influence of body mass on the individual variables, a regression analysis was performed on the mass-residuals of VO 2max , RTH, plasma volume and exHCT. The residuals of VO 2max were correlated negatively with the residuals of RTH (r = -0.687; P = 0.0003) and positively with the residuals of exHCT (r = 0.422; P = 0.045) but not plasma volume. VO 2max could be predicted from a linear combination of the residuals of RTH and exHCT (r = 0.767; P<0.0001). These data indicate that VO 2max in the horse is significantly related to fat-free mass (FFM), independent of body mass. Red blood cells from the splenic reserve constitute an important factor in the horse's ability to achieve a high VO 2max . Therefore, lean body mass may be a more appropriate basis for assessing metabolic function in the athletic horse. IntroductionThe horse is an 'elite athlete' because it has an aerobic capacity that is 2 or 3 times greater than species of similar body size (i.e. steers; Jones et al. 1989). Racing breeds, such as the Thoroughbred and Standardbred, can achieve a relatively high VO 2max of 153 ml O 2 /kg min (Rose et al. 1988) and 140 ml O 2 /kg min (Tyler et al. 1996) respectively. Maximal whole body oxygen uptake ( VO 2max ) is defined as the highest rate at which oxygen can be utilised by the body. It is related to chronic physical activity, body composition and relative health of the individual animal (Pollock and Wilmore 1990).Two important determinants of VO 2max are body size and blood volume. Body size determines the quantity of active tissue while blood volume is important in the regulation and maintenance of cardiac output and the delivery of oxygen to that metabolic tissue and has been shown to be proportional to VO 2max in the comparative literature (Taylor et al. 1982). In man, it has been established that the amount of fat-free mass (FFM) is strongly related to an individual's ability to work at maximal aerobic intensities (Buskirk and Taylor 1957). Furthermore, in man, the relationship between FFM and performance has been well established (Pollock and Wilmore 1990). This relationship has also been observed in the equine athlete, with the most successful pace...

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Section: Blood Volumes and Vo 2maxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between body composition, blood volume and maximal oxygen uptake

Kearns

McKeever

John‐Alder

et al. 2002

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…Prime determinants of physical performance in humans are skeletal muscle endurance and maximal powergenerating capacity (25,27). Muscle peak power is largely determined by the myosin heavy chain isoform expression and muscle volume (e.g., 11,12,[16][17][18][28][29][30][31], whereas (muscle) endurance capacity relies on mitochondrial oxidative capacity and oxygen supply toward and within the muscle (e.g., 1, 20-22, 27, 32-34).…”

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confidence: 99%

Critical determinants of combined sprint and endurance performance: an integrative analysis from muscle fiber to the human body

et al. 2018

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Optimizing physical performance is a major goal in current physiology. However, basic understanding of combining high sprint and endurance performance is currently lacking. This study identifies critical determinants of combined sprint and endurance performance using multiple regression analyses of physiologic determinants at different biologic levels. Cyclists, including 6 international sprint, 8 team pursuit, and 14 road cyclists, completed a Wingate test and 15-km time trial to obtain sprint and endurance performance results, respectively. Performance was normalized to lean body mass 2/3 to eliminate the influence of body size. Performance determinants were obtained from whole-body oxygen consumption, blood sampling, knee-extensor maximal force, muscle oxygenation, wholemuscle morphology, and muscle fiber histochemistry of musculus vastus lateralis. Normalized sprint performance was explained by percentage of fast-type fibers and muscle volume (R 2 = 0.65; P < 0.001) and normalized endurance performance by performance oxygen consumption (Vȯ 2 ), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and muscle oxygenation (R 2 = 0.92; P < 0.001). Combined sprint and endurance performance was explained by gross efficiency, performance Vȯ 2 , and likely by muscle volume and fascicle length (P = 0.056; P = 0.059). High performance Vȯ 2 related to a high oxidative capacity, high capillarization 3 myoglobin, and small physiologic cross-sectional area (R 2 = 0.67; P < 0.001). Results suggest that fascicle length and capillarization are important targets for training to optimize sprint and endurance performance simultaneously.-Van der Zwaard, S., van der Laarse, W. J., Weide, G., Bloemers, F. W., Hofmijster, M. J., Levels, K., Noordhof, D. A., de Koning, J. J., de Ruiter, C. J., Jaspers, R. T. Critical determinants of combined sprint and endurance performance: an integrative analysis from muscle fiber to the human body. FASEB J. 32, 2110FASEB J. 32, -2123FASEB J. 32, (2018 Many sports require a combination of sprint and endurance performance. During the past decades, physiologic determinants of physical performance have been the subject of intensive investigation (e.g., in cycling, 1-11). Studies focused on determinants of either sprint (e.g., 8-18) or endurance performance (e.g., 1-7, 19-23), even though physical performance is rarely a dichotomous function of only sprint or only endurance. Generally, a limited number of whole-body determinants of sprint or endurance performance have been studied, although there are many physical performance determinants at different levels (i.e., molecular, cellular, whole-muscle, organ, and whole ABBREVIATIONS: 3D, 3-dimensional; CAF, capillaries around the fiber; CD, capillary density; C/F, capillary-to-fiber ratio; FCSA, fiber cross-sectional area; fVȯ 2max , fiber maximal oxygen consumption; [Hb], hemoglobin concentration; Hct, hematocrit; [HHbMb], deoxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin concentration; iSDH activity, spatially integrated SDH activity, SDH activity 3 FCSA; KE, k...

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“…This mechanism appears to override the intrinsic enzymatic capacity of muscle with higher proportions of type IIX myofibres, which have a greater glycogenolytic capacity (Briand et al, 1981;Saltin and Gollnick, 1983). However, this may only occur in the absence of physical stress (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was further illustrated in work by Bernard et al (2009) which showed that two-thirds of the genes involved in glycolysis were upregulated in Charolais bulls selected for high muscle growth potential. The enzymatic capacity of muscle fibres is also different, with type IIX myofibres having higher glycogen phosphorylase activity and lower glycogen synthase and hexokinase activity (Briand et al, 1981;Saltin and Gollnick, 1983;Greenwood et al, 2006a). Thus, cattle selected for muscling have increased glycolytic and glycogenolytic capacity (Fiems et al, 1995;Wegner et al, 2000), increasing the potential for stress (adrenaline)-induced glycogen depletion, coupled with lower capacity for glycogen re-synthesis (Gardner et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beef cattle selected for increased muscularity have a reduced muscle response and increased adipose tissue response to adrenaline

McGilchrist

Pethick

Bonny

et al. 2011

Animal

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The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of selection for greater muscling on the adrenaline responsiveness of muscle, adipose and liver tissue, as reflected by changes in plasma levels of the intermediary metabolites lactate, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose. This study used 18-month-old steers from an Angus herd visually assessed and selected for divergence in muscling for over 15 years. Ten low muscled (Low), 11 high muscled (High) and 3 high muscled heterozygotes for myostatin mutation (High Het ) steers were challenged with adrenaline doses ranging between 0.2 to 3.0 mg/kg live weight. For each challenge, 16 blood samples were taken between 230 and 130 min relative to adrenaline administration. Plasma was analysed for NEFA, lactate and glucose concentration and area under curve (AUC) over time was calculated to reflect the tissue responses to adrenaline. Sixteen basal plasma samples from each animal were also assayed for growth hormone. Muscle glycogen and lactate concentration were analysed from four muscle biopsies taken from the semimembranosus, semitendinosus and longissimus thoracis et lumborum of each animal at 14, 90 and 150 days on an ad libitum grain-based diet and at slaughter on day 157. In response to the adrenaline challenges, the High steers had 30% lower lactate AUC than the Low steers at challenges greater than 2 mg/kg live weight, indicating lower muscle responsiveness at the highest adrenaline doses. Aligning with this decrease in muscle response in the High animals were the muscle glycogen concentrations which were 6.1% higher in the High steers. These results suggest that selection for muscling could reduce the incidence of dark, firm, dry meat that is caused by low levels of glycogen at slaughter. At all levels of adrenaline challenge, the High steers had at least 30% greater NEFA AUC, indicating that their adipose tissue was more responsive to adrenaline, resulting in greater lipolysis. In agreement with this response, the High steers had a higher plasma growth hormone concentration, which is likely to have contributed to the increased lipolysis evident in these animals in response to adrenaline. This difference in lipolysis may in part explain the reduced fatness of muscular cattle. There was no effect of selection for muscling on liver responsiveness to adrenaline.

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Skeletal Muscle Adaptability: Significance for Metabolism and Performance

Abstract: The sections in this article are: Motor Unit Fibers per Motor Unit Contractile Properties Biochemical Basis for Differences in Twitch Properties Histochemical Differentiation of Muscle Fibers Ultrastructural Basis for Skeletal Muscle Fiber Typing Maximal Contractil… Show more

Cited by 555 publications

References 571 publications

Relationship between body composition, blood volume and maximal oxygen uptake

Relationship between body composition, blood volume and maximal oxygen uptake

Critical determinants of combined sprint and endurance performance: an integrative analysis from muscle fiber to the human body

Beef cattle selected for increased muscularity have a reduced muscle response and increased adipose tissue response to adrenaline

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