Skeletal disorders in the fowl: A review

Thorp, B.H.

doi:10.1080/03079459408418991

Cited by 127 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 216 publications

(233 reference statements)

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“…It could also be proposed that reduced physical activity could have led to the reduced observed tendency to spill feed in modern commercial breeds, as was discussed in section 2. It makes sense to select for low physical activity, at least from an energy consumption perspective, if not for the associated animal welfare concerns (Thorp 1994;Craig and Muir 1998). It should be also noted that contrasting results were found in a study by Skinner-Noble et al (2003) where it was shown that birds selected for better feed conversion efficiency actually showed a small but significant increase in time spent standing and a decrease in resting behavior.…”

Section: Metabolic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Breeding for efficiency in the broiler chicken: A review

Tallentire

Leinonen

Kyriazakis

2016

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

163

120

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Artificial selection of broiler chickens for commercial objectives has been employed at an unprecedented magnitude over the recent decades. Consequently, the number of days, total feed and in turn energy, required to raise a broiler to slaughter weight, have decreased dramatically. Feed provision is the poultry industry's biggest environmental hotspot; hence, understanding the interactions between the birds' genetic change and their energy use efficiency forms the necessary starting point for quantifying and predicting and thereby mitigating the future environmental impact of the poultry sector. This review assesses the consequences of artificial selection on the following traits: digestive efficiency, body composition and utilisation of metabolisable energy for growth and metabolic activity. The main findings were (1) the digestive system has been subjected to much physical change due to selection in the recent decades, but this has not led to any apparent change in digestion efficiency. (2) Both the energy intake per day and the metabolic heat production rate have increased in the recent decades whilst (3) the efficiency of utilising energy for growth has also increased; this is due to an increased growth rate, so that broilers reach slaughter weight more quickly and therefore need to allocate less energy overall to metabolic processes, with the exception of growth. (4) There may have been a reduction in the tendency to waste feed through spillage and carry out energetically expensive behaviors. There is a discrepancy in the literature with regards to the influence of selection on body composition and its contribution to feed efficiency. In this review, two scenarios are demonstrated, whereby body composition either has or has not altered via artificial selection. Understanding the effects of artificial selection on the traits that relate to the feed efficiency of the broilers will contribute towards the reduction of the environmental impacts that arise from such systems.

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Section: Metabolic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Breeding for efficiency in the broiler chicken: A review

Tallentire

Leinonen

Kyriazakis

2016

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

163

120

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“…Reduction in growth rate during the starting period has been shown to be effective in reducing the occurrence of leg problems (Classen, 1992;Thorp, 1994;Leterrier and Constantin, 1996 for review). Another method is to enhance motor activity, which is known to improve the musculoskeletal apparatus (Thorp and Duff, 1988) and thus reduce the occurrence of these abnormalities in both experimental (Reiter and Bessei, 1998;Reiter, 2004) and field conditions (Waldenstedt and Lansfors, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Genetic selection has been used to reduce these diseases because susceptibility to leg problems differs between hybrids and heritability of such traits is relatively high (Kestin et al, 1992;Le Bihan-Duval et al, 1996 andKestin et al, 1999;Sanotra et al, 2003). However, there is still a need to identify suitable rearing methods to improve leg condition.Reduction in growth rate during the starting period has been shown to be effective in reducing the occurrence of leg problems (Classen, 1992;Thorp, 1994;Leterrier and Constantin, 1996 for review). Another method is to enhance motor activity, which is known to improve the musculoskeletal apparatus (Thorp and Duff, 1988) and thus reduce the occurrence of these abnormalities in both experimental (Reiter and Bessei, 1998;Reiter, 2004) and field conditions (Waldenstedt and Lansfors, 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequential feeding with variations in energy and protein levels improves gait score in meat-type chickens

Leterrier

Vallée

Constantin

et al. 2008

Animal

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Feeding broilers by alternating different diets for 1 or 2 days is known as sequential feeding, and it possibly reduces leg problems since it slows down early growth and may enhance general activity. The present study compared continuous feeding with a standard diet (C: metabolisable energy 5 12.55 MJ/kg, crude protein 5 190 g/kg) with alternations of a high-energy/lowprotein diet (E1P2:17% ME; 220% CP) and a low-energy/high-protein diet (E2P1: 27% ME,120% CP) and investigated its effects on growth, behaviour and gait score in 352 male Ross broiler chickens. Sequential feeding was carried out during ten 48-h sequential-feeding cycles from 8 to 28 days of age. Three treatments were compared: complete diet (C) and two alternations of diets varying in protein and energy contents (S1: E1P2 followed by E2P1; and S2: E2P1 followed by E1P2). Chickens received the same feed during the starter and finisher periods (0 to 7 and 29 to 38 days of age). Body weight (BW), feed intake, general activity and gait score, bone quality and carcass conformation were measured to evaluate leg condition and general performance. Sequential feeding significantly reduced BW at 28 days of age (S1: 29.1%; S2: 23.7%/C group; P , 0.05) and S1 were lighter than S2. In both sequential groups, time spent standing increased (C: 28%; S1:33%; S2: 35%; P , 0.05) and leg abnormalities decreased (mean gait score: C: 2.61; S1: 2.45; S2: 2.38; P , 0.02). This improvement was not related to changes in bone quality. BW at slaughter was impaired in Group S1 only, and the feed conversion ratio throughout the rearing period was not significantly impaired by sequential feeding. However, abdominal fat was higher in the S2 group. Sequential feeding using diets varying in energy and crude protein can be a useful method of reducing leg problems in broilers since it improves gait score without impairing growth performance when used as early as 8 days of age and up to not less than 8 days before slaughter in order to compensate for reduced growth. This improvement can be explained by reduced early growth and enhanced motor activity. However, it appears that the low-energy diet should be given first in order to avoid a reduction in BW at slaughter.Keywords: behaviour, chicken, feed, leg problems, welfare IntroductionMany of the non-infectious disorders in poultry such as tibial dyschondroplasia and tarsal varus-valgus angulations result in abnormal gait and even lameness (Bradshaw et al., 2002;Mench, 2004). These disorders induce pain in some cases and impair birds' behavioural repertoire (McGeown et al., 1999; Danbury et al., 2000;Julian, 2004). Several approaches have been used to reduce the occurrence of these leg problems. Genetic selection has been used to reduce these diseases because susceptibility to leg problems differs between hybrids and heritability of such traits is relatively high (Kestin et al., 1992;Le Bihan-Duval et al., 1996 andKestin et al., 1999;Sanotra et al., 2003). However, there is still a need to identify suitable rearing methods to improve ...

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“…The prevention and control of these disorders in birds depends on the advances in the understanding of the physiological mechanisms that govern normal skeletal growth and of the biology of avian skeletal disorders (16). Few investigations have studied the cartilage of birds with respect to the biochemical composition of its extracellular matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of small proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans in humerus-related articular cartilage of chickens

Rodrigues¹,

Pimentel

Mourāo

et al. 2005

Braz J Med Biol Res

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The expression of components present in the cartilaginous extracellular matrix is related to development, gender, and genotype, as well as to the biomechanical properties of each type of cartilage. In the present study, we analyzed small proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans present in different cartilages of the chicken wing after extraction with guanidine hydrochloride or papain. Quantitative analysis of glycosaminoglycans showed a larger amount in humeral cartilage (around 200 mg/g tissue) than in articular cartilage of the radius and ulna, with 138 and 80 mg/g tissue, respectively. Non-collagenous proteins isolated were predominantly from cartilage in the proximal regions of the humerus and radius. D4 fractions obtained by ultracentrifugation were separated by DEAE-Sephacel and Octyl-Sepharose chromatography and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Two bands of 57 and 70-90 kDa were observed for all samples treated with ß-mercaptoethanol. Immunoblotting of these proteins was positive for the small proteoglycans fibromodulin and decorin, respectively. Apparently, the 57-kDa protein is present in macromolecular complexes of 160 and 200 kDa. Chondroitin sulfate was detected in all regions. HPLC analysis of the products formed by chondroitinase AC and ABC digestion mainly revealed ß-D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl ß-D-galactosamine residues. The 4-sulfation/6-sulfation ratio was close to 3, except for the proximal cartilage of the radius (2.5). These results suggest functional differences between the scapula-humerus, humerus-ulna, and humerus-radius joints of the chicken wing. This study contributes to the understanding of the physiology of cartilage and joints of birds under different types of mechanical stress.

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Skeletal disorders in the fowl: A review

Cited by 127 publications

References 216 publications

Breeding for efficiency in the broiler chicken: A review

Breeding for efficiency in the broiler chicken: A review

Sequential feeding with variations in energy and protein levels improves gait score in meat-type chickens

Distribution of small proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans in humerus-related articular cartilage of chickens

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