Size‐related colocalization of glycine and glutamate immunoreactivity in frog and rat vestibular afferents

Reichenberger, I.; Dieringer, N.

doi:10.1002/cne.903490408

Cited by 45 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…Vestibular neurons receive excitatory glutaminergic input from the vestibular nerve [7] and commissural excitatory afferents [8]. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization histochemical studies revealed the highest glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2) expression in giant Deiter's neurons of the lateral vestibular nucleus and the lowest expression in small neurons throughout the vestibular nuclei [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed neuronal cell death in brainstem after transient brainstem ischemia in gerbils

et al. 2010

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Background Because of the lack of reproducible brainstem ischemia models in rodents, the temporal profile of ischemic lesions in the brainstem after transient brainstem ischemia has not been evaluated intensively. Previously, we produced a reproducible brainstem ischemia model of Mongolian gerbils. Here, we showed the temporal profile of ischemic lesions after transient brainstem ischemia. Results Brainstem ischemia was produced by occlusion of the bilateral vertebral arteries just before their entry into the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae of Mongolian gerbils. Animals were subjected to brainstem ischemia for 15 min, and then reperfused for 0 d (just after ischemia), 1 d, 3 d and 7 d (n = 4 in each group). Sham-operated animals (n = 4) were used as control. After deep anesthesia, the gerbils were perfused with fixative for immunohistochemical investigation. Ischemic lesions were detected by immunostaining for microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2). Just after 15-min brainstem ischemia, ischemic lesions were detected in the lateral vestibular nucleus and the ventral part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and these ischemic lesions disappeared one day after reperfusion in all animals examined. However, 3 days and 7 days after reperfusion, ischemic lesions appeared again and clusters of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1(IBA-1)-positive cells were detected in the same areas in all animals. Conclusion These results suggest that delayed neuronal cell death took place in the brainstem after transient brainstem ischemia in gerbils.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed neuronal cell death in brainstem after transient brainstem ischemia in gerbils

et al. 2010

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“…Based on fundamental differences in locomotor performance of frog and mouse, an additional set of glycinergic vestibular commissural neurons in the latter might also be an expression of the necessity for a more efficient commissural push-pull modulation of vestibular activity during the more or less continuous mammalian-type locomotion. Alternatively, GlyT2 transporterexpressing vestibular neurons in the YFP-16 mouse (Bagnall et al, 2007) might be a specific population of excitatory vestibular commissural neurons that colocalize glutamate and glycine as a subgroup of frog and rat vestibular nerve afferents (Reichenberger and Dieringer, 1994), although mouse GlyT2-positive vestibular neurons were VGluT2 negative.…”

Section: Pharmacological Profile Of Vestibular Commissural Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Organization of Vestibular Commissural Connections in Frog

Malinvaud¹,

Vassias²,

Reichenberger³

et al. 2010

J. Neurosci.

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Central vestibular neurons receive substantial inputs from the contralateral labyrinth through inhibitory and excitatory brainstem commissural pathways. The functional organization of these pathways was studied by a multi-methodological approach in isolated frog whole brains. Retrogradely labeled vestibular commissural neurons were primarily located in the superior vestibular nucleus in rhombomeres 2/3 and the medial and descending vestibular nucleus in rhombomeres 5-7. Restricted projections to contralateral vestibular areas, without collaterals to other classical vestibular targets, indicate that vestibular commissural neurons form a feedforward pushpull circuitry. Electrical stimulation of the contralateral coplanar semicircular canal nerve evoked in canal-related second-order vestibular neurons (2°VN) commissural IPSPs (ϳ70%) and EPSPs (ϳ30%) with mainly (ϳ70%) disynaptic onset latencies. The dynamics of commissural responses to electrical pulse trains suggests mediation predominantly by tonic vestibular neurons that activate in all tonic 2°VN large-amplitude IPSPs with a reversal potential of Ϫ74 mV. In contrast, phasic 2°VN exhibited either nonreversible, smallamplitude IPSPs (ϳ40%) of likely dendritic origin or large-amplitude commissural EPSPs (ϳ60%). IPSPs with disynaptic onset latencies were exclusively GABAergic (mainly GABA A receptor-mediated) but not glycinergic, compatible with the presence of GABAimmunopositive (ϳ20%) and the absence of glycine-immunopositive vestibular commissural neurons. In contrast, IPSPs with longer, oligosynaptic onset latencies were GABAergic and glycinergic, indicating that both pharmacological types of local inhibitory neurons were activated by excitatory commissural fibers. Conservation of major morpho-physiological and pharmacological features of the vestibular commissural pathway suggests that this phylogenetically old circuitry plays an essential role for the processing of bilateral angular head acceleration signals in vertebrates.

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“…The antibodies had a high selectivity, and only the glycine antiserum exhibited a weak cross-reactivity with conjugated ¬-alanine. All antibodies have been tested previously in frog material (Reichenberger et al, 1993;Reichenberger and Dieringer, 1994).…”

Section: Antibody Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Afferent vestibular nerve input is mediated by glutamate or a related substance via glutamate receptors of the NMDA and non-NMDA subtypes in frogs (Cochran et al, 1987;Reichenberger and Dieringer, 1994;Straka et al, 1996a,b) and rats (Kinney et al, 1994). Abducens motoneurons and internuclear neurons are inhibited by uncrossed, glycinergic vestibular neurons in frog as well as in cat (Straka and Dieringer, 1993;Spencer et al, 1989).…”

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Distribution of GABA, glycine, and glutamate immunoreactivities in the vestibular nuclear complex of the frog

Reichenberger¹,

Straka²,

Ottersen

et al. 1997

J. Comp. Neurol.

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This study describes the localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and glutamate immunoreactive neurons, fibers, and terminal-like structures in the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) of the frog by using a postembedding procedure with consecutive semithin sections at the light microscopic level. For purposes of this study, the VNC was divided into a medial and lateral region. Immunoreactive cells were observed in all parts of the VNC. GABA-positive neurons, generally small in size, were predominantly located in the medial part of the VNC. Glycine-positive cells, more heterogeneous in size than GABA-positive cells, were scattered throughout the VNC. A quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of GABA glycine immunoreactive cells revealed a complementary relation between the density of GABA and glycine immunoreactive neurons along the rostrocaudal extent of the VNC. In about 10% of the immunolabeled neurons, GABA and glycine were colocalized. Almost all vestibular neurons were, to a variable degree, glutamate immunoreactive, and colocalization of glutamate with GABA and/or glycine was typical. GABA, glycine, or glutamate immunoreactive puncta were found in close contact to somata and main dendrites of vestibular neurons. A quantitative analysis revealed a predominance of glutamate-positive terminal-like structures compared to glycine or GABA containing profiles. A small proportion of terminal-like structures expressed colocalization of GABA and glycine or glycine and glutamate. The results are compared with data from mammals and discussed in relation to vestibuloocular and vestibulo-spinal projection neurons, and vestibular interneurons. GABA and glycine are the major inhibitory transmitters of these neurons in frogs as well as in mammals. The differential distribution of GABA and glycine might reflect a compartmentalization of neurons that is preserved to some extent from the early embryogenetic segmentation of the hindbrain.

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Size‐related colocalization of glycine and glutamate immunoreactivity in frog and rat vestibular afferents

Cited by 45 publications

References 45 publications

Delayed neuronal cell death in brainstem after transient brainstem ischemia in gerbils

Delayed neuronal cell death in brainstem after transient brainstem ischemia in gerbils

Functional Organization of Vestibular Commissural Connections in Frog

Distribution of GABA, glycine, and glutamate immunoreactivities in the vestibular nuclear complex of the frog

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