Six Decades of Thermal Change in a Pristine Lake Situated North of the Arctic Circle

Abstract

Climate-induced changes in water temperature can thus have a considerable influence on the structure and functioning of lake ecosystems worldwide. A detailed understanding of long-term change in lake water temperature, and its associated drivers, is therefore important for climate change impact studies, and for anticipating the repercussions of climate change on lake ecosystems.Previous studies, notably those involving detailed satellite images, have suggested that lake surface water temperatures are increasing globally (O'Reilly et al., 2015;Schneider & Hook, 2010;, with deep lakes situated at high-latitude typically experiencing the greatest change (Woolway & Maberly, 2020;Woolway & Merchant, 2017). The rapid warming of high-latitude lakes under climatic change partially reflects the substantial increase in air temperature in polar regions (Noori, Bateni, et al., 2022;Post et al., 2018;Stuecker et al., 2018). However, some high-latitude lakes, as well as many others situated at lower latitudes, also experience summer surface temperature trends that are sometimes greater than local changes in air temperature (O'Reilly et al., 2015;Schneider et al., 2009). This suggests an additional source of warming for lakes, such as an increase in incoming solar radiation (Schmid & Köster, 2016) or changes in water transparency which can influence the depth at which solar radiation is absorbed within a lake (Persson & Jones, 2008;Read & Rose, 2013;Rose et al., 2016). In some cases, an earlier break-up of winter ice cover (Sharma et al., 2021) and/ or an earlier onset of thermal stratification (Woolway et al., 2021) can lead to rapid lake surface warming due to a lengthening of the summer stratified season (Austin & Colman, 2007;Woolway & Merchant, 2017). In

Lake Ice Simulation and Evaluation for a Typical Lake on the Tibetan Plateau

“…Our simulation yielded an overestimation of Nam Co Lake's ice thickness, in contrast to , who reported an underestimation for Ngoring Lake [62]. The ice phenology of the north Europe lake, Lake Inari, also shows the same trend of change: a delayed ice-on date, an earlier ice-free date, and a shortened ice duration [64,65]. However, the rate of change in the ice phenology of Nam Co Lake far exceeds that of the Lake Inari, whether in simulation results or remote sensing data [64,65].…”

“…The ice phenology of the north Europe lake, Lake Inari, also shows the same trend of change: a delayed ice-on date, an earlier ice-free date, and a shortened ice duration [64,65]. However, the rate of change in the ice phenology of Nam Co Lake far exceeds that of the Lake Inari, whether in simulation results or remote sensing data [64,65]. Contrarily, Guo et al (2017) deduced a delayed ice melt date for Nam Co Lake based on remote sensing data, diverging from our findings [66].…”

Satellite‐Based Monitoring of Eutrophication in the Earth's Largest Transboundary Lake

“…Eutrophication makes changes in dissolved oxygen, intensifies fish death and growth of phytoplankton organisms, and produces toxins and bloom cyanobacteria, with acute implications for lake water quality, biodiversity, socio‐economic benefits, and recreational and tourism opportunities (Kim et al., 2021 ; Noori, Ansari, Jeong, et al., 2021 ; Schindler, 2001 ). Despite undeniable importance of lakes and key ecosystem services they provide (Jenny et al., 2020 ; Noori et al., 2022 ), a comprehensive understanding of the extent of eutrophication in large and deep lakes is relatively lacking, mostly due to, among other things, technical complications or/and scarce data to cover the large geographical region. Meanwhile, restoration of lakes and their life‐supporting services require an understanding of the eutrophication dynamics under frequent monitoring of the phytoplankton community (Jenny et al., 2020 ).…”

Arctic warming drives striking twenty-first century ecosystem shifts in Great Slave Lake (Subarctic Canada), North America's deepest lake

“…Such rapid Arctic warming and changes in ice cover can have pronounced effects on lake ecosystem processes that exert strong controls on primary producers, triggering clear biological responses [2,[11][12][13][14]. In very deep and large high-latitude lakes, warming of surface waters, changes in lake ice phenology, increases in the duration and strength of thermal stratification, and changes in convective mixing and thermal bar circulation are particularly important for regulating internal redistribution of heat and nutrients with major implications for phytoplankton production [15,16]. Indeed, remote sensing time-series data (2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018) show a steady and significant increase in lake-wide primary (algal) production due to climate effects in two of the world's largest freshwater lakes, Great Slave Lake (GSL) and Great Bear Lake in the Canadian Subarctic [17].…”