Situation awareness during driving: Explicit and implicit knowledge in dynamic spatial memory.

Abstract

This study investigated people's ability to monitor changing spatial information in a simulated driving task. Drivers' knowledge of the locations of traffic cars was assessed with both direct recall measures and indirect performance measures. The direct and indirect measures were positively correlated (associated), suggesting that drivers' knowledge of nearby cars is largely explicit with little contribution of implicit knowledge. When there were too many traffic cars to monitor, drivers used cues such as car location to focus attention on potentially hazardous cars. When drivers had more active control of the driving task, they remembered the locations of potentially hazardous cars more accurately than when they viewed driving scenes in a passenger mode. These findings have implications regarding how people maintain situation awareness during real-time tasks and potentially for the development of dynamic tests of driving ability.

Spatial updating of virtual displays

“…Thus, under some circumstances, efference copies of motor commands elicited during self-initiated movement may be less critical to spatial updating than other sources, such as vestibular and proprioceptive information. These findings are consistent with some spatial cognition studies (Wang & Simons, 1999;Yardley & Higgins, 1998), but not others (e.g., Gugerty, 1997;Larish & Andersen, 1995;Péruch et al, 1995). One possible explanation for this discrepancy is the complexity of the self-movement tested.…”

“…For example, active participants are better than passively moved participants at predicting future self-positions within simulated optic flow fields (Larish & Andersen, 1995). Active navigation through a simulated driving scene also has been shown to elicit greater recall of the locations of potentially dangerous cars than passive navigation (Gugerty, 1997). However, other studies suggest that active control may be less critical to spatial processing.…”

“…When an observer moves his body, a copy of the motor commands sent to the muscles may be incorporated into the representation of that action, where it can be used to update changes in position as they occur. Direct comparisons of active and passive movement for spatial tasks have yielded mixed results (e.g., Gugerty, 1997;Larish & Andersen, 1995;Péruch, Vercher, & Gauthier, 1995;Wang & Simons, 1999;Yardley & Higgins, 1998). For example, active participants are better than passively moved participants at predicting future self-positions within simulated optic flow fields (Larish & Andersen, 1995).…”

Gender differences in pedestrian rule compliance and visual search at signalized and unsignalized crossroads

“…This could explain why, in our results, men continue to focus on moving vehicles before and during crossing, whereas traffic lights are only looked at before crossing. Though Endsley's model was first built to account for situation awareness in aeronautics, it has been applied to different domains such as driving (Gugerty, 1997), internet shopping (Lee et al, 2003) and emergency medical dispatch (Blandford and Wong, 2004). Thus, we believe this concept can also be transferred to road crossing tasks, especially in complex situations such as those studied here for crossroad crossing, where pedestrians cope with multiple sources of information coming from the different sides of the crossroads.…”

Situation awareness measurement: A review of applicability for C4i environments

“…Collier and Folleso (1995) also reported good reliability for SAGAT when measuring nuclear power plant operator SA. Also, in a driving task study (Gugerty, 1997) reported good reliability for the percentage of cars recalled, recall error and composite recall error. Regarding validity, Endsley et al (2000) reported a good level of sensitivity for SAGAT, but not for real time probes (on-line queries with no freeze) and subjective SA measures.…”