Site-specific variation in mass concentration and chemical components in ambient nanoparticles (PM0.1) in North Sumatra Province-Indonesia

Carbon and Trace Element Compositions of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) and Nanoparticles (PM0.1) in Ambient Air of Southern Thailand and Characterization of Their Sources

“…In 2019, the high level of PM 0.1 and TSP found in August at the sampling site indicates that long-range atmospheric transport accounts for an increased level of particulate matter at this time. The averaged PM 0.1 level of 10.4 ± 1.2 µg/m 3 was lower than the corresponding values for Bangkok, and Chiang Mai, Thailand, Hanoi, Vietnam, and North Sumatra, Indonesia [16,17,20]. However, the PM 0.1 levels were roughly four times higher than those in other urban areas in Asia (Table 2).…”

“…QFFs were weighed twice before and after sampling. Before weighing, QFFs were pre-baked in an electric furnace at 350 • C for 1 h to eliminate possible carbon impurities [19,20]. QFFs were balanced for 48 h in a PM 2.5 chamber with a controlled relative humidity of 35 ± 5% as well as a temperature of 21.5 ± 1.5 • C [18].…”

“…The term BC is loosely equivalent to EC liable on the analytical method being used [16,17]. The distribution of carbon portions, which basically represent the chemical, optical, and physical appearances of carbon material in PM, varies with time and location [18][19][20]. Knowledge of carbon composition in atmospheric PM is also vital for identifying emission sources and control measures for PM and carbon-containing materials, the two main causes of air pollution and global warming [21,22].…”

Carbon and Trace Element Compositions of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) and Nanoparticles (PM_0.1) in Ambient Air of Southern Thailand and Characterization of Their Sources

“…No seasonal difference was found for the total EC. The ratios of OC/EC and char/soot were also different from the size distribution [21]. Data on other size-fractionated particulate matter and carbon components are vital for future studies directed at investigating the development of carbonaceous aerosols in more detail.…”

“…The distribution of carbon portions, which basically represent the chemical, optical, and physical appearances of carbon material in PM, varies with time and location [18][19][20]. Knowledge of carbon composition in atmospheric PM is also vital for identifying emission sources and control measures for PM and carbon-containing materials, the two main causes of air pollution and global warming [21,22].…”