Site Effects on Seismic Behavior of Pipelines: A Review

Abstract

Post-earthquake investigations showed that local site condition had significant effect on seismic behavior of pipelines: almost all seismic damages to buried pipelines were either due to permanent ground deformation such as fault movement, landslide and lateral spread, or found in nonuniform ground, and there were few cases that pipelines were damaged only by wave propagation. Earthquake field observations did clearly indicate that relatively high strain occurred in pipelines laid through nonuniform ground. In this paper, an updated and detailed review of site effects on seismic behavior of pipelines is presented. For the purpose, quantitative analysis of damage, earthquake field observation, theoretical and experimental study, and related seismic design are discussed, and research needs are pointed out. [S0094-9930(00)01702-9]

Nonlinear Seismic Ground Response Analysis of Local Site Effects with Three-Dimensional High-Fidelity Model

“…This leads to small axial strain in the center of the V-shaped valley and large strain between the bedrock and the soft soil layer. This phenomenon is the cause of the pipeline damage reported in Liang and Sun (2000) and Tsukamoto et al (1984). The response of line B 0 B 1 is more complex than that of A 0 A 1 .…”

“…This review focuses on seismic ground response analysis above engineering bedrock. As has been pointed out, in a large earthquake, a local concentration of seismic ground motion due to complex ground structure often results in inducing severe damage to structures (e.g., see Liang and Sun (2000) for a review of relationships between complex ground structures and damage to structures). Although many countermeasures have been implemented, there remain sites in which local concentration of ground motion takes place; for example, a concentration of earthquake ground motion due to the complex ground structure caused severe damage to a buried gas pipeline network in the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake (Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy et al 2012).…”

Seismic Design of Buried Steel Water Pipelines

“…Buried pipelines have sustained significant damage in past earthquakes, as noted by O'Rourke (2003). These damages have been attributed to both transient and permanent ground deformations (EERI, 1999;Liang and Sun, 2000). It is noted that damage due to permanent ground-induced actions typically occurs in specific areas of severe ground failure, and it is associated with high damage rates (O'Rourke, 2003), whereas shaking damages occur over significant larger areas, but they are associated with lower damage rates.…”

Development of Three-Dimensional Soil-Amplification Analysis Method for Screening for Seismic Damage to Buried Water-Distribution Pipeline Networks

“…Although peak ground velocity or peak ground acceleration are typically used for indices in repair rate curves of pipelines [31][32][33][34], pipeline damage is pointed out to be due to the deformation and strain of pipes [4]. By using the developed 3D ground analysis method, we can directly compute ground strain; thus, we use strain as an index for damage assessment of pipelines.…”

“…Dynamic ground strain caused by local soil amplification is a major cause of seismic damage to pipelines [4], so the estimation of this amplification is important for assessing the damage to buried pipelines. However, measuring local soil amplification requires many sensors and is therefore expensive.…”