Sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes exposed during G0 to four classes of DNA-damaging chemicals

Sister chromatid exchanges occur in G2-irradiated cells

“…[15][16][17][18][19] As a result of the extensive research, the mechanism of formation of SCEs arising in cells after treatment with S-phase-independent clastogens such as IR was critically discussed. 8,9,14,16 For example, Mühlmann-Diaz and Bedford suggested that SCEs induced after γ-or X-irradiation might represent "false" SCEs that arise from chromosomal aberrations, in particular paracentric inversions, produced in G 0 /G 1 . 20 Color-jumps on chromatids were also observed in cells that were treated with DSB-inducing agents in G 2 , but these jumps were attributed to a two-lesion exchange process.…”

“…Systematic investigations revealed that S-phase-dependent agents are generally strong inducers of SCEs, whereas ionizing radiation (IR), radiomimetic drugs or restriction enzymes are weak inducers. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Therefore, it became a common belief in the scientific community that cells have to pass through S phase to manifest SCEs after damage induction. [12][13][14] Although some investigators suggested models that involve non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) in the generation of SCEs, the prevailing evidence suggests that homologous recombination (HR) is the underlying mechanism for SCE formation.…”

Chromosome breakage and sister chromatid exchange analysis in computer operators

“…Sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and chromosome breakage studies with Mitomycin C have been used as indicators of genetic damage to investigate the effect that factors in the environment, such as cigarette smoking, 8,9,10 viruses, 11 alcohol consumption, 12 and chemotherapeutic agents, 13,14,15 may have on genetic stability. Several of these environmental agents are known to cause chromosome changes.…”

Inhalation anesthetics, anticancer drugs and sterilants as chemical hazards in hospitals.

“…Results from several in vitro studies with human lymphocytes suggest that mono-and bifunct~onal alkylating agents such as mitomycin C, chlorambucil, thiotepa (59), and busulphan '(48) cause a marked increase in the frequency of SCEs, but two antimetabolites (methotrexate and cytarabine) and one antitumor antibiotic (bleomycin) have no such effect (59).…”

“…He had sent a questionnaire to 354 Russian anesthetists (of whom 28 0 /0 used halothane, 59 Ofo nitrous oxide, and 98 Ofo ether) and had analyzed 303 replies. The fact that only 7 of 31 pregnancies among these doctors were trouble-free stimulated researchers in other countries to carry out similar surveys.…”