Sistemas agroflorestais com cacau para recuperação de áreas degradadas, em São Félix do Xingu - PA

Abstract

Cacao agroforestry systems for reclamation of degraded lands in Sao Felix do Xingu-PA In contrast to the advance of the Amazon rainforest deforestation, mainly by cattle activity, in Sao Felix do Xingu-PA municipality, several initiatives have been stimulating the reclamation of degraded lands (RDL) through the implementation of agroforestry systems with cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) (cacao-AFS). Aiming to study the cacao-AFS as a potential tool to reclaim degraded lands in this region, I based the research in four main hypothesis: (1) it partially reclaims the forestry structure; (2) it partially reclaims the richness/diversity of plants; (3) it reclaims the soil fertility; (4) it reclaims the richness/diversity of soil macroinvertebrates. Thus, I grouped the AFS in three categories: initial shade (IS); secondary shade (SS); abandoned shade (A), comparing them with Forest and Pasture land uses. In parallel, I performed a socioeconomic and environmental interview, based on farmers perception, in order to contextualize the human actions in the studied the land uses. The main results showed similarity in soil's texture and fertility, regardless of use situation. The cocoa-AFS are potential tools of RAD in terms of forest structure and floristic diversity, requiring further studies regarding the composition of plants. The profitability of the cacao-AFS was found to be significantly higher than the cattle, per unit area, occupying less territorial space on the property, plus other social and environmental benefits, especially the provision of many environmental services.

Local forest specialists maintain traditional ecological knowledge in the face of environmental threats to Brazilian Amazonian protected areas

“…These active strategies are adequate for lands that have undergone intensive use, resulting in compacted soil, excessive loss of organic matter, and soil seed bank pauperization (Brancalion et al, 2016). In São Félix do Xingu, where the community with the highest deforestation rate in our study is located (the surroundings of Tapirapé-Aquiri FLONA), there are several incentives for restoring degraded areas through the implementation of agroforestry systems with cacao (Theobroma cacao) (Braga, 2015). Braga (2015) interviewed 16 family farmers in this region and reported that half of them received training to work with these agroforestry systems, and 81% received seedlings from a government agency.…”

Brazilian Export Processing Zones & Green Powershoring: Challenges & Opportunities

“…The previous sections highlighted the importance and role of EPZs in promoting foreign trade, foreign direct investment, and employment around the globe. In The Asian export miracle was largely fueled by the massive creation of EPZs throughout Asia (Braga, 2019;Gouvea, 2012Gouvea, , 2014Gouvea, , 2020. (Braga, 2020b;Gaeta, 2022).…”

“…Mercosur had a positive impact on Brazil's trade with Argentina but did not inserted Brazil into the global value-added and supply chains that NAFTA would have promoted. Instead of pursuing bilateral agreements with the likes of U.S. and the EU, and even pursuing membership in other regional economic agreements, Brazil made a clear decision to avoid exposing its heavily protected industry from competition (Braga, 2019;Braga, 2020a;Gouvea, Gutierrez, Montoya, & Terra, 2021;Noronha, 2022).…”

Relação entre estoque de carbono acima do solo e produção de cacau em sistemas agroflorestais de cacau em São Félix do Xingu - PA, Brasil

“…De acordo com a percepção dos produtores sobre sua renda, anualmente a pecuária rende em média R$ 394,37 por hectare, e a produção de cacau rende anualmente R$ 3.257,75 por hectare, aproximadamente 8 vezes mais. Estes dados também são similares aos encontrados por Braga (2015), que realizou sua pesquisa no mesmo município e concluiu que após o sexto ano de cultivo do cacau, a renda pode ser de 4 a 6 vezes maior do que o valor da pecuária.…”

“…Considerando as médias de produtividade para SAFs-cacau produtivos obtidas por Braga (2015) para a mesma região, de 471,4 kg de amêndoas secas/ha/ano, e a média de produtividade de 354,32 kg/ha/ano estimada neste trabalho, obtemos uma média local de 412,86 kg de amêndoas de cacau por hectare/ano.…”