Siphonaxanthin, a Green Algal Carotenoid, as a Novel Functional Compound

Abstract

Siphonaxanthin is a specific keto-carotenoid in green algae whose bio-functional properties are yet to be identified. This review focuses on siphonaxanthin as a bioactive compound and outlines the evidence associated with functionality. Siphonaxanthin has been reported to potently inhibit the viability of human leukemia HL-60 cells via induction of apoptosis. In comparison with fucoxanthin, siphonaxanthin markedly reduced cell viability as early as 6 h after treatment. The cellular uptake of siphonaxanthin was 2-fold higher than fucoxanthin. It has been proposed that siphonaxanthin possesses significant anti-angiogenic activity in studies using human umbilical vein endothelial cells and rat aortic ring. The results of these studies suggested that the anti-angiogenic effect of siphonaxanthin is due to the down-regulation of signal transduction by fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in vascular endothelial cells. Siphonaxanthin also exhibited inhibitory effects on antigen-induced degranulation of mast cells. These findings open up new avenues for future research on siphonaxanthin as a bioactive compound, and additional investigation, especially in vivo studies, are required to validate these findings. In addition, further studies are needed to determine its bioavailability and metabolic fate.

Marine Pharmaceuticals: A New Wave of Anti-angiogenic Drugs

“…It exerted anti-angiogenic effect in vitro in HUVECs and in vivo in rat aortic ring model. The anti-angiogenic activity of Siphonaxanthin was accompanied by reduction in angiogenic factors like VEGF, FGF-2 and their receptors FGFR-1, EGR-1 and VEGFR-2 [55]. These findings suggest that Fucoxanthin and Siphonaxanthin have great potential to be used as anti-angiogenic drugs in future.…”

Siphonaxanthin, a Carotenoid From Green Algae, Inhibits Lipogenesis in Hepatocytes via the Suppression of Liver X Receptor α Activity

“…Siphonaxanthin (SPX; Fig. ) is a rare marine carotenoid abundant in green algae such as Codium fragile , Umbraulva japonica , and Caulerpa lentillifera (Sugawara, Ganesan, Li, Manabe, & Hirata, ). To date, antiangiogenesis, anti degranulation, and anti obesity effects of SPX have been reported but its effect on hepatic lipid metabolism remains unexplored (Ganesan et al, ; Li et al, ; Manabe, Hirata, & Sugawara, ).…”

“…Siphonein (SPN; Fig. ) has been identified as an ester form of SPX with a ester bond on its C‐19 hydroxyl group, and is present at the same level as SPX in some green algae (Sugawara et al, ). Here, we speculated that SPX possesses bioactivity with respect to suppressing hepatic lipogenesis and TAG accumulation.…”

Effect of Brown Algae Cystoseira trinodis Methanolic Extract on Renal Tissue

“…8 Also many of these compounds such as carotenoids and natural pigments have valuable roles as the antioxidant in human health. 9 However several chemical compounds such as terpenoids and steroids have been isolated from different species of the Cystoseira genus but limited histopathological studies about effects of algae extracts have been reported. 10,11 Although many of the algae are used as food source and alternative health care remedies insufficient studies on adverse effects of them clearly necessitate more investigations about them.…”