SINUS: A scalable and distributed routing algorithm with guaranteed delivery for WSNs on high genus 3D surfaces

Resilient greedy routing on GPS-free surface sensor networks

“…A few greedy routing methods 19,22 have been developed recently to address the GPS-free surface sensor network routing problem. In Yu et al, 19,22 the authors propose to cut a closed high genus surface network open and then map the cut-open one to a planar rectangle with two pairs of boundaries. Furthermore, the planar rectangle can be mapped to a planar annulus with one pair of boundaries aligned and glued together.…”

“…When the original surface network is cut open and mapped to either a planar disk, rectangle, or annulus, nodes located at the two sides of the cut-open boundaries need to take a long detour to reach each other instead of directly crossing the boundary. The problem of a large stretch factor is intrinsic to the methods proposed in Yu et al 19,22 They need to cut the originally closed surface network open and then map the network to plane. We propose a cut-free embedding of the original network in the plane.…”

“…Since the primary target of the proposed method is network resilience under independent node failure model, we compare our method with other well-known resilient routing methods that choose local detour instead of disjoint alternative paths, including Directed Diffusion, 24 Braided Multipath Routing, 23 and Robust Cooperative Routing. 38 Besides, SINUS method 22 is the most recent greedy routing algorithm specifically designed for networks on high genus surfaces. We implement it with GPSR module to enhance its resilience against node failures and consider it as another comparison method.…”

“…The problem of a large stretch factor is intrinsic to the methods proposed in Yu et al 19,22 They need to cut the originally closed surface network open and then map the network to plane. We propose a cut-free embedding of the original network in the plane.…”

“…19 Applications for such wireless sensor networks on high genus surfaces have been demonstrated for structural health monitoring (SHM), for example, at the Golden Gate Bridge 20 and National Stadium of China, 21 where sensors are deployed on megastructures to gauge changes in materials or geometric properties that could hinder the system’s performance. Other applications can be found along the corridors of buildings for fire detection, and in water, sewer, or gas system for monitoring underground pipelines as introduced in Yu et al 22 We consider densely deployed sensors that operate on high radio frequency and extremely low transmission power with short communication range. Only nearby sensors along a 3D surface can communicate with each other, whereas the wireless links connecting remote sensors across space are negligible and can be removed via a simple preprocessing.…”