3D geographical routing protocols in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks: an overview

Energy-efficient routing in the proximity of a complicated hole in wireless sensor networks

“…Several graph-theoretic or geometric techniques have been introduced to capture the border of the hole (as a polygon) [37,38]. A technique to bypass a hole in a 3D wireless sensor networks has also been proposed by [39].…”

Review of Protocol Stack Development of Flying Ad-hoc Networks for Disaster Monitoring Applications

“…When the packet reaches the root, it get destroyed because the root is present in every sub-tree (that is, optimum local). To overcome this issue, the various 3D Geographic Routing Protocols have been proposed by researchers and the review of different protocols have discussed in [ 118 ]. Also, in this protocol,the data packet is transferred to UAV using the right-hand rule.…”

Cauchy Density-Based Algorithm for VANETs Clustering in 3D Road Environments

“…The decrease happens from the 2D to 3D with distance 6m with a percentage for changing to 3D with distance of 10 m. Furthermore, the generalization of various VANETs models from 2D environment to 3D is still a challenge. In the work of [16], it is stated that Many geographical routing protocols based on greedy and face routing approach have been designed for 2D networks, but these protocols may not be suitable in 3D environment like hill area, airborne networks, underground networks, underwater networks and so forth.…”