Sink and swim: a status review of thecosome pteropod culture techniques

Howes, Ella L.; Bednaršek, Nina; Büdenbender, Jan; Comeau, Steeve; Doubleday, Ayla J.; Gallager, Scott M.; Hopcroft, Russell R.; Lischka, Silke; Maas, Amy E.; Biȷma, Jelle; Gattuso, Jean‐Pierre

doi:10.1093/plankt/fbu002

Cited by 47 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…To our knowledge L. retroversa is the only pteropod species that has been reared through a complete captive generation, and this is the first full description of time to maturity for a pteropod. Despite this progress, mortality was high in our cultures, similar to previous observations (Howes et al 2014). Additional work is clearly needed to optimize culture conditions.…”

Section: Future Directionssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Hatching from the egg capsule as trochophore took about 3 d, with a transition to the veliger stage after about a week. In contrast, the other study documenting L. retroversa development by Lebour (1932) retroversa at 10°C in Howes et al (2014), may explain the lack of observed metamorphosis in Paranjape (1968). As thecosome pteropods spend the entirety of their lives in the plankton, perhaps there is little or no evolutionary pressure to rapidly transition to the juvenile stage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…It has been suggested that polar species may have a 1-2 year life span (Kobayashi 1974;Gannefors et al 2005;Hunt et al 2008;Wang 2014), but the life span of temperate and tropical species is unknown and likely shorter. All of these studies have relied upon field sampling to infer life span and reproductive timing because keeping pteropods in captivity has proven difficult (reviewed by Howes et al 2014). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Life cycle and early development of the thecosomatous pteropod Limacina retroversa in the Gulf of Maine, including the effect of elevated CO2 levels

et al. 2015

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Thecosome pteropods are pelagic molluscs with aragonitic shells. They are considered to be especially vulnerable among plankton to ocean acidification (OA), but to recognize changes due to anthropogenic forcing a baseline understanding of their life history is needed. In the present study, adult Limacina retroversa were collected on five cruises from multiple sites in the Gulf of Maine (between 42° 22.1'-42° 0.0' N and 69° 42.6'-70° 15.4' W; water depths of ca. 45-260 m) from October 2013−November 2014. They were maintained in the laboratory under continuous light at 8° C. There was evidence of year-round reproduction and an individual life span in the laboratory of 6 months. Eggs laid in captivity were observed throughout development. Hatching occurred after 3 days, the veliger stage was reached after 6−7 days, and metamorphosis to the juvenile stage was after ~ 1 month. Reproductive individuals were first observed after 3 months.Calcein staining of embryos revealed calcium storage beginning in the late gastrula stage.Staining was observed in the shell gland, shell field, mantle, and shell margin in later stages.

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Section: Future Directionssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Life cycle and early development of the thecosomatous pteropod Limacina retroversa in the Gulf of Maine, including the effect of elevated CO2 levels

et al. 2015

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“…Studies on metabolic rate have also revealed that CO 2 acts in concert with other environmental stressors, influencing swimming speed and oxygen consumption of several pteropod species (Comeau et al 2010b, Maas et al 2012, Manno et al 2012. To date, experimental work on pteropods is limited to shortterm (< 30 d) studies due to difficulties in maintaining laboratory cultures (Howes et al 2014). As pteropods play important roles in both the trophic system and biogeochemical cycling (Lalli & Gilmer 1989), it is important that the longer-term effects of climate change on pteropod populations are better understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pteropod time series from the North Western Mediterranean (1967-2003): impacts of pH and climate variability

Howes¹,

Stemmann²,

Assailly³

et al. 2015

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Environmental changes resulting from anthropogenic CO 2 emissions occur at global and local levels and have potentially harmful effects, particularly for calcifying taxa in the marine environment. A time series of pteropod abundance covering the period 1967−2003 was isolated from the Point B (northwestern Ligurian Sea) zooplankton time series. Inter-and intra-annual changes in the abundance of 3 families (Limacinidae, Cavoliniidae and Creseidae) were compared with the copepod time series to identify any differential effects driven by ocean acidification and temperature. pH values were hind-cast from total alkalinity estimated from local temperature and salinity measurements, and atmospheric CO 2 taken from the Mauna Loa time series. Although surface waters were supersaturated with respect to aragonite throughout the study period, it is estimated that pH declined by 0.05 units. All pteropod groups displayed a trend of increasing abundance, suggesting that any deleterious effect of declining pH T in the range of 0.05 units has not caused sufficient reductions in fitness as to decrease local abundances between 1967−2003. Pteropod populations are influenced by inter-annual changes in summer temperatures. Spectral analysis identified a ~14 yr periodic oscillation in sea surface temperature. Similarly timed oscillations in abundance are present for all pteropod families but not for copepods, indicating a possible influence of the North Atlantic quasi-decadal mode on pteropod populations. While laboratory studies have shown pteropods to be sensitive to changes in pH, this analysis suggests that local and regional scale drivers have had a greater effect on pteropod populations in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea in recent decades. It should be noted that pH changes in laboratory studies exceed 0.05 pH units and that the saturation state with respect to aragonite (Ω ar ) is usually much lower than that of the Mediterranean.

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“…3c). Antibiotics such as penicillin, streptomycin and neomycin have been applied in cultures to inhibit bacterial contamination without negative effects in microalgae (Molina-Cárdenas et al 2016), protozoans (Divan and Schnoes 1982), fish (Forberg et al 2011), mollusks (Howes et al 2014), crustaceans (Agostini et al 2016) and ecological assays with the aquatic community (Middelburg and Nieuwenhuize 2000a, b;DeLorenzo et al 2001;Veuger et al 2004;Cozzi and Cantoni 2006;Trottet et al 2011). The concentration of these antibiotics, however, needs to be evaluated before application in cultures.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of biofilm bacteria and adherent fungi from marine plankton cultures using an antimicrobial combination

2018

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The presence of organic matter in plankton cultures will lead to 10-to 1000-fold increases in bacterial density in less than 24 h. The presence of bacteria and fungi can damage cultivated phytoplankton and zooplankton. These microorganisms can also inhibit experiments investigating the role of these microorganisms in the community and in biological and ecological laboratory studies. The aim of this study was thus to evaluate the effect of penicillin ? streptomycin ? neomycin (antibiotics) in combination with nystatin (antifungal) to select an antimicrobial combination for the inhibition of biofilm bacteria and adherent fungi that is effective and also non-toxic to marine phytoplankton and zooplankton. Acartia tonsa was exposed to different antimicrobial treatments and application routes (culture medium, culture food, both) to evaluate the survival and egg and fecal pellet production endpoints. The same treatments were also applied to measure Amphibalanus improvisus survival and settlement and Conticribra weissflogii growth endpoints. We selected the most sensitive experimental organism and exposed it to some novel antimicrobial combinations. To evaluate the inhibition potential, biofilm bacteria and adherent fungi were exposed to the treatments that were safe for the bioindicator species. A tonsa was considered the most sensitive of all tested organisms. The treatment composed of 0.025 g L -1 penicillin G potassium ? 0.08 g L -1 streptomycin sulfate ? 0.04 g L -1neomycin sulfate showed the best results for A. tonsa and C. weissflogii cultures. No differences were observed for A. improvisus between the treatments. A. tonsa survival rates showed no differences from the control at nystatin concentrations up to 0.005 g L -1 in combination with the antibiotics. The biofilm bacterial density decreased up to 94% under this treatment, and fungal growth was prevented. Species of other planktonic groups should also be tested to improve our understanding of the effectiveness of the treatments proposed.

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Sink and swim: a status review of thecosome pteropod culture techniques

Cited by 47 publications

References 50 publications

Life cycle and early development of the thecosomatous pteropod Limacina retroversa in the Gulf of Maine, including the effect of elevated CO2 levels

Life cycle and early development of the thecosomatous pteropod Limacina retroversa in the Gulf of Maine, including the effect of elevated CO2 levels

Pteropod time series from the North Western Mediterranean (1967-2003): impacts of pH and climate variability

Inhibition of biofilm bacteria and adherent fungi from marine plankton cultures using an antimicrobial combination

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