Single vs double atom catalyst for N₂ activation in nitrogen reduction reaction: A DFT perspective

Abstract

Ammonia synthesis through electrochemical reduction of nitrogen molecules is a promising strategy to significantly reduce the energy consumption in traditional industrial process. Detailed mechanism study of multistep complex nitrogen reduction reaction is prerequisite for the design of highly efficient catalyst. Stable atomically dispersed catalyst with unique geometric and electronic structure is suitable for the mechanism clarification of such a complex reaction. In this study, d‐block transition‐metal (TM) anchored C2N single layer catalyst is investigated by the density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Both single TM‐anchored single atom catalyst (SAC) and double TM‐anchored double atom catalyst (DAC) exhibit good thermodynamic stability in atomically dispersed catalyst. In the case of SACs, IVB metals (Ti, Zr, Hf) exhibit the highest reactivity and lowest overpotential. While in the case of DACs, Cr─Cr system leads to the NH3 formation, but V─V system leads to the N2H4 formation. The SACs show much lower overpotential and stronger activation of N2 molecule than the DACs due to the different activation mechanisms: traditional σ‐donation/π‐backdonation N2 activation mechanism is found in SACs, while a new π‐donation/π‐backdonation N2 activation mechanism is found in the DACs. The present work demonstrates that the different catalytic effect for NRR between SAC and DAC and their corresponding electronic structure origin, which gives more insight into the single atom catalyst.

Highly Efficient Photo-/Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrogen into Ammonia by Dual-Metal Sites

“…Therefore, these four heteronuclear DACs of FeMo/g-C 3 N 4 , NiMo/g-C 3 N 4 , MoW/g-C 3 N 4 , and TiMo/g-C 3 N 4 exhibit superior catalytic activity of NRR with relatively small negative limiting potentials, which are much lower than their monometal counterparts as well as other similar DACs from previous studies. 13 , 37 , 42 , 43 …”

Density Functional Theory for Electrocatalysis

“…Therefore the CO 2 → *COOH and CO → *CHO reactions can be used to determine the theoretical overpotential. [224,244] Furthermore, the *CO adsorption energy can act as a descriptor of CO 2 RR catalytic activity. In general, a low *CO adsorption energy suggests that the rate-determining step is the protonation of CO 2 to form *COOH, whereas a strong *CO binding to electrocatalysts indicates the protonation of *CO to form *CHO is the ratedetermining step.…”

Boosting Electrocatalytic Ammonia Production through Mimicking “π Back-Donation”

“…[2][3][4][5][6][7] Attributed to the availability of d-orbital electrons, advances in the chemistry of electrocatalytic N 2 RR have indicated transition-metal-based catalysts can produce NH 3 through the ''p back-donation'' process to alleviate the kinetic barrier of N 2 activation. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Nevertheless, because of the adverse hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), it remains a grand challenge in improving the selectivity (faradic efficiency [FE]). 15,16 Alternatively, p-block elements might serve as promising electrocatalysts for N 2 RR owing to their unique electronic structure and poor HER activity.…”