Single-transverse-mode 3.4-mW emission of oxide-confined 780-nm VCSELs

Ueki, Nobuaki; Sakamoto, Akira; Nakamura, Takeshi; Nakayama, H.; Sakurai, Jun; Otoma, Hiromi; Miyamoto, Yoshinari; Yoshikawa, Masahiro; Fuse, Masaaki

doi:10.1109/68.806839

Cited by 52 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…4). With an in− crease in the metal aperture size, the output power increases until the size coincides with that of oxide aperture, then it saturates gradually [45]. However, the SFM output is lim− ited to contact apertures essentially smaller than that of the oxide.…”

Section: Absorption Lossesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…However, the SFM output is lim− ited to contact apertures essentially smaller than that of the oxide. This method (lines 1, 3 and 9) enables reaching the SFM output of 3.4 mW in 3.5−μm devices emitting 780−nm radiation [45].…”

Section: Absorption Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spatial higher−order mode filtering by a DBR mirror may be accomplished simply by a reduction of a diameter of the output metal window to a size comparable to that of the active−region [43][44][45]. Then, the metal aperture cuts the beam coming through the oxide aperture and a strong absorption at the metal surface will limit excitation of higher−order transverse modes penetrating passive lateral regions.…”

Section: Absorption Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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VCSEL structures used to suppress higher-order transverse modes

Nakwaski

2011

Opto-Electronics Review

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Currently unwanted excitation of higher-order transverse modes is the most serious drawback of vertical-cavity surface-emitting diode lasers (VCSELs) limiting their possible applications. In the present paper, various methods used to suppress those modes are described and their effectiveness is compared. It is well known that, because of a nearly uniform current injection into their active regions, small-aperture VCSELs without any modification offer quite high single-fundamental-mode (SFM) output. However, their series resistance is often too high, which aggravates their high-modulation performance. Similarly uniform current injection may be also achieved with the aid of a tunnelling junction. Generally, methods suppressing higher-order modes take advantage of higher optical gain within the central part of the active region, higher radiation losses outside this region and/or higher central mirror reflectivity. Currently, applications of a tunnel junction, an impurity-induced disordering or an inverted shallow surface relief seem to be the simplest and the most effective methods. The deep etched holey structure or the ARROW structure enable obtaining similar single-mode output powers but they may be used in special cases only because of their complex technology. Photonic crystals may probably enable more advanced mechanisms of suppressing higher-order modes in future because currently their application seems to be still far from being optimised.

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Section: Absorption Lossesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Absorption Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Absorption Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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VCSEL structures used to suppress higher-order transverse modes

Nakwaski

2011

Opto-Electronics Review

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“…Much better performance have been obtained with oxide-confined VCSELs where the size of the metal aperture is similar to the size of the oxide aperture. At a wavelength of 780 nm, 3.4 mW of singlemode power (MSR > 30 dB) was achieved [51] while 4.7 mW of single-mode power (MSR ∼ 30 dB) was achieved at 850 nm [52]. Truly single-mode emission, from threshold to thermal roll-over, was obtained for metal apertures slightly larger than the oxide aperture.…”

Section: Single-mode Emission From Inherently Multimode Vcselsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Mode VCSELs

Larsson

Gustavsson

2012

Springer Series in Optical Sciences

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The only active transverse mode in a truly single-mode VCSEL is the fundamental mode with a near Gaussian field distribution. A single-mode VCSEL produces a light beam of higher spectral purity, higher degree of coherence and lower divergence than a multimode VCSEL and the beam can be more precisely shaped and focused to a smaller spot. Such beam properties are required in many applications. In this chapter, after discussing applications of single-mode VCSELs, we introduce the basics of fields and modes in VCSELs and review designs implemented for singlemode emission from VCSELs in different materials and at different wavelengths. This includes VCSELs that are inherently single-mode as well as inherently multimode VCSELs where higher-order modes are suppressed by mode selective gain or loss. In each case we present the current state-of-the-art and discuss pros and cons. At the end, a specific example with experimental results is provided and, as a summary, the most promising designs based on current technologies are identified. IntroductionThe vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is an attractive light source for an expanding range of applications. Due to low cost manufacturing, low power consumption, simplified packaging, attractive beam properties (circular and low divergence beam) and excellent high-speed modulation characteristics at low currents, it has replaced the edge-emitting laser in short-reach optical communication links

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“…To realize such a system, a combination of a directly-modulated vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) and photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is an attractive candidate. Single-mode, high-speed VCSELs that can be directly modulated at 10 Gbit/s have been developed at 0.8 μm [1] and more recently at 1.1 μm [2]. Furthermore, PCF enables us to realize single-mode operation and low dispersion at such short wavelengths, which are difficult to achieve with a conventional step index fiber (SIF), by properly designing such aspects of the air-hole structure as the hole pitch Λ and the hole diameter d [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

10Gbit/s photonic crystal fiber transmissions with 1.1.MU.m directly-modulated single-mode VCSEL

Koizumi

Yoshida

Hirooka

et al. 2009

IEICE Electron. Express

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Abstract:We demonstrate 10 Gbit/s transmission over a 5 km photonic crystal fiber (PCF) in the 1.1 μm band using a directly-modulated single-mode vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). A combination of PCF and VCSEL enables us to achieve high-speed transmission at a low cost and with a simple configuration that does not employ optical modulators or amplifiers. Furthermore, the transmission distance was extended to 14 km by using an ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier (YDFA), and a power penalty-free transmission was successfully achieved.

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Single-transverse-mode 3.4-mW emission of oxide-confined 780-nm VCSELs

Cited by 52 publications

References 3 publications

VCSEL structures used to suppress higher-order transverse modes

VCSEL structures used to suppress higher-order transverse modes

Single-Mode VCSELs

10Gbit/s photonic crystal fiber transmissions with 1.1.MU.m directly-modulated single-mode VCSEL

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