The major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) event of January 2009 is analyzed using the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) Climate Data Assimilation System (JCDAS). This SSW event is characterized by the extraordinary predominance of the planetary-scale wave of zonal wavenumber 2 (wave 2). The total amount of the upward Eliassen–Palm (EP) flux for wave 2 was the strongest since the winter of 1978/79. It is found that the remarkable development of the upper troposphere ridge over Alaska played important roles in the SSW in January 2009. During the first development stage, the ridge excited wave packets upward as well as eastward over around Alaska. The eastward-propagating packets intensified a trough over eastern Siberia, which led to the development of the planetary wave over eastern Siberia during the second development stage. The results of this study indicate that the pronounced wave-2 pattern observed in the stratosphere was brought about by accumulative effects of rather localized propagation of wave packets from the troposphere during the course of this SSW event rather than by the ubiquitous propagation of planetary-scale disturbances in the troposphere. The features of the SSW in January 2009 are quite similar to those during the major stratospheric warming event in February 1989: both SSWs are characterized by the predominance of wave 2, the remarkable development of the upper troposphere ridge over around Alaska, and positive SSTs in the eastern part of the North Pacific corresponding to a La Niña condition.

We propose a novel "orthogonal" TDM transmission scheme using an optical Nyquist pulse that enables us to achieve an ultrahigh data rate and spectral efficiency simultaneously without any intersymbol interference (ISI). We analytically describe the principle of orthogonal TDM, and demonstrate a 160 Gbaud optical orthogonal TDM transmission using 40 GHz optical Nyquist pulses. Tolerance to GVD and the dispersion slope is significantly improved by virtue of the orthogonality, reduced bandwidth, and minimum ISI.

We propose a new method for generating a parabolic pulse by use of a dispersion-decreasing fiber with normal group-velocity dispersion. When a hyperbolic dispersion-decreasing structure is employed, the pulse evolves into a linearly chirped pulse with an exact parabolic intensity profile without radiating dispersive waves. The highly linear chirp in the parabolic pulse allows for efficient and high-quality pulse compression.

[1] Using GPS radio occultation data during 2001-2005, we studied the climatological behavior of atmospheric gravity waves in the polar stratosphere. We calculated temperature fluctuations with vertical wavelengths shorter than 7 km and then determined the wave potential energy, E p , every month in a longitude-latitude cell of 20°Â 10°b etween 12 km and 33 km. In the Arctic region (50-90°N), E p shows an annual variation with maximum in winter, consistent with the zonal mean horizontal wind, V, and the Eliassen-Palm (E-P) flux, F z . The large F z values indicate higher planetary wave activity, resulting in distortion of the polar vortex. The unbalanced flow can then excite gravity waves through geostrophic adjustment. In the Antarctic region (50-90°S), E p gradually increases during winter and reaches its maximum in spring before decreasing rapidly. The time derivative of V coincides with the E p peak and the horizontal distribution of E p has a similar structure to V, suggesting that the E p enhancement is closely related to the decay of the polar vortex. During major warming events over the Arctic, the divergence of E-P flux, DF, was enhanced, coinciding with large E p . In the Antarctic, DF strongly correlates with E p in spring. Gravity waves seem to be effectively generated through planetary wave transience and/or breaking. Orographic generation of gravity waves seems to be important in limited areas only, such as Scandinavia and the Antarctic Peninsula, showing that it is less important than the polar night jet in determining the climatological behavior of gravity waves.Citation: Hei, H., T. Tsuda, and T. Hirooka (2008), Characteristics of atmospheric gravity wave activity in the polar regions revealed by GPS radio occultation data with CHAMP,

An extreme rainfall event occurred over western Japan and the adjacent Tokai region mainly in early July, named "the Heavy Rain Event of July 2018", which caused widespread havoc. It was followed by heat wave that persisted in many regions over Japan in setting the highest temperature on record since 1946 over eastern Japan as the July and summertime means. The rain event was attributable to two extremely moist airflows of tropical origins confluent persistently into western Japan and largescale ascent along the stationary Baiu front. The heat wave was attributable to the enhanced surface North Pacific Subtropical High and upper-tropospheric Tibetan High, with a prominent barotropic anticyclonic anomaly around the Korean Peninsula. The consecutive occurrence of these extreme events was related to persistent meandering of the upper-level subtropical jet, indicating remote influence from the upstream. The heat wave can also be influenced by enhanced summertime convective activity around the Philippines and possibly by extremely anomalous warmth over the Northern Hemisphere midlatitude in July 2018. The global warming can also influence not only the heat wave but also the rain event, consistent with a long-term increasing trend in intensity of extreme precipitation observed over Japan.