Single-sided ventilation through external doors: Measurements and model evaluation in five historical churches

Hayati, Abolfazl; Mattsson, Magnus; Sandberg, Mats

doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.034

Cited by 28 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…after being calibrated in air flowing perpendicular to the sensor shaft. Some directional sensitivity adds another ±10% for nonperpendicular airflows; the performed flow visualization by smoke also indicated that the flow was essentially perpendicular in this test case (Hayati et al 2017).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…The overall uncertainty in the airing measurements, using tracer gas decay method, is estimated at ±10-15% (95% C.I. ; Hayati et al 2017).…”

Section: Measurement Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different semi-empirical models are developed for combining these effects and make a prediction of the total airflow through openings (see for example Caciolo et al 2011; De Gids and Phaff 1982;Larsen and Heiselberg 2008;Warren 1977). A summary of empirical single-sided ventilation models is given by Hayati et al (2017). Air infiltration has also the same driving forces but it deals with adventitious flow through leakages in the building envelope.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurements and modeling of airing through porches of a historical church

Hayati

2017

Science and Technology for the Built Environment

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In churches, intentional airing may be a measure to evacuate temporarily high levels of contaminants, emitted during services. Crucial contaminants include moisture and other emissions that may deteriorate and/or soil painted surfaces and other precious artefacts. Most old churches do not have any mechanical ventilation system or any purpose provided openings for natural ventilation, but the ventilation is governed by air infiltration. Enhanced airing may be achieved by opening external windows or doors. Thus, models provided in energy simulation programs should predict this kind of airflows correctly, to get a proper estimation of the total energy use. IDA indoor climate and energy (IDA-ICE) simulation program is examined here and its model for airflow through large vertical openings is investigated. Moreover, field measurements were performed for airing rate in a historical church. The simulated singlesided flows were of the same magnitude of the measured ones, but the effect of wind direction was less considered by the simulation program. At cross-flow, when wind is approaching the opening it has a choice; flow through the opening or around and above the building. This process is not considered in the IDA-indoor climate and energy model, which can contribute to the discrepancy between measurements and predictions.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…The overall uncertainty in the airing measurements, using tracer gas decay method, is estimated at ±10-15% (95% C.I. ; Hayati et al 2017).…”

Section: Measurement Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurements and modeling of airing through porches of a historical church

Hayati

2017

Science and Technology for the Built Environment

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“…Previously performed tracer gas measurements showed that the single-sided windward flows can be up to more than two times larger than the leeward flow, i.e. when the porch is located in the leeward side [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different models have been developed for combining these effects and make a prediction of the total air flow through openings, see for example [5][6][7]. A summary of the airing models for singlesided ventilation through large vertical openings is presented by Hayati et al [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of Ventilation Rates and Heat Losses during Airing in Large Single Zone Buildings in Cold Climates

Hayati

Akander

Mattsson

2018

Springer Proceedings in Energy

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Airing can be a solution to introduce extra ventilation in large single zone buildings, especially where there are large aggregations of people such as churches or atriums. In naturally ventilated domestic and ancient buildings, opening of a window or door can introduce extra fresh air and remove particles and other contaminants emitted from people and other sources such as lit candles in churches. However, the energy use might be an issue in cold climates, where airing might lead to waste of heated air, at the same time as indoor air temperatures can be uncomfortably low. In the present study, the energy loss and ventilation rate due to airing in a large single zone (church) building is investigated via IDA-ICE simulation on annual basis in cold weather conditions. The results can be used in order to prepare airing guidelines for large single zone buildings such as atriums, churches, industry halls and large sport halls. According to the results, one-hour of airing in the studied church building resulted in 40-50 % of exchanged room air and, if practiced once a week, an increase of around 1 % in heating energy.

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Safety and Reverence: How Roman Catholic Liturgy Can Respond to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Budaev

2021

J Relig Health

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The current COVID-19 pandemic is a major challenge for many religious denominations. The Roman Catholic Church strongly depends on physical communal worship and sacraments. Disagreements grow concerning the best balance between safety and piety. To address this issue, I review the major transmission risks for the SARS-CoV-2 virus and list certain measures to enhance the safety of the Roman Catholic Liturgy without compromising its intrinsic beauty and reverent spiritual attitude. This can be achieved through assimilation of several traditional elements into the modern liturgy. I emphasize that religious leadership and decision-making should be transparent and based on inclusiveness, pluralism, best scientific evidence and voluntary cooperation.

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Single-sided ventilation through external doors: Measurements and model evaluation in five historical churches

Cited by 28 publications

References 15 publications

Measurements and modeling of airing through porches of a historical church

Measurements and modeling of airing through porches of a historical church

Simulation of Ventilation Rates and Heat Losses during Airing in Large Single Zone Buildings in Cold Climates

Safety and Reverence: How Roman Catholic Liturgy Can Respond to the COVID-19 Pandemic

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