Building energy performance modeling is essential for energy planning, management, and efficiency. This paper presents a space heating model suitable for auto-generating baseline models of existing multifamily buildings. Required data and parameter input are kept within such a level of detail that baseline models can be auto-generated from, and calibrated by, publicly accessible data sources. The proposed modeling framework consists of a thermal network, a typical hydronic radiator heating system, a simulation procedure, and data handling procedures. The thermal network is a lumped and simplified version of the ISO 52016-1:2017 standard. The data handling consists of procedures to acquire and make use of satellite-based solar radiation data, meteorological reanalysis data (air temperature, ground temperature, wind, albedo, and thermal radiation), and pre-processing procedures of boundary conditions to account for impact from shading objects, window blinds, wind- and stack-driven air leakage, and variable exterior surface heat transfer coefficients. The proposed model was compared with simulations conducted with the detailed building energy simulation software IDA ICE. The results show that the proposed model is able to accurately reproduce hourly energy use for space heating, indoor temperature, and operative temperature patterns obtained from the IDA ICE simulations. Thus, the proposed model can be expected to be able to model space heating, provided by hydronic heating systems, of existing buildings to a similar degree of confidence as established simulation software. Compared to IDA ICE, the developed model required one-thousandth of computation time for a full-year simulation of building model consisting of a single thermal zone. The fast computation time enables the use of the developed model for computation time sensitive applications, such as Monte-Carlo-based calibration methods.
This paper presents the build-up and long-term performance test of a full-scale Solar-Assisted Heat Pump System (SAHPS) for residential heating in Nordic climatic conditions. This particular SAHPS was developed within the EU project ENDOHOUSING, by predominantly using components and techniques that are available on the market. The analysis primarily focuses on system performance, with emphasis on Heat Pump (HP) and total system Seasonal Performance Factor (SPF), based on long-term and full-scale operation. Analysis shows that despite unfavourable building conditions, for low energy use and utilisation of a SAHPS, the system was successfully in full operation (for about two years) fulfilling heating requirements. Data processing of the series representing the full year period of 2007(feb)-2008(feb), presented a HP and total SAHPS performance of: SPF HP =2.85 and SPF SAHPS =2.09. The authors argue that with an optimised SAHPS control and operation strategy, additional use of circulation pumps and energy (electricity) could be vastly reduced, hence attaining a SPF SAHPS value that is in parity with the SPF HP . As the Nordic (Swedish) Endohousing SAHPS has not yet been properly optimised/designed and installed in an appropriate house, the SPF HP =2.85 is considered satisfactory.
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