Single-letter cue selection in the paired-associate learning of normal children and retardates

Formation of backward associations in paired-associates learning by normal children and retardates.

“…The less intelligent 5s, however, required more trials to reach criterion, F (1, 126) = 6.4, p < .025. This differential free learning performance has been observed before (Baumeister & Berry, 1970;Berry, 1969;Kellas & Butterfield, 1970). However, intelligence and order of list tended to interact.…”

Stimulus Selection by the Retarded: List Length and Response Requirement

“…In this connection, a series of experiments has been recently reported in an effort to isolate the variables that control the cueselection strategies retarded individuals use in verbal learning (e.g., Baumeister and Berry, 1970;Baumeister, Berry, and Forehand, 1969;Berry and Baumeister, 1973a;1973b;Berry, Joubert, and Baumeister, 1971;1972).…”

Stimulus selection and the redundant-trigram model of paired-associate learning

“…Since A. R. Mattocks (cited in Underwood & Schulz, 1960) observed that college students often select only the first letter of nonsense trigrams for use as their effective stimuli in paired-associate (PA) learning, the "redundant-trigram" model of PA learning has enjoyed great popularity in investigations of the process of stimulus selection (e.g., for adult Ss, Berry, Detterman, & Mulhern, 1973;Davis, Brown, & Ritchie, 1968;Lovelace & Blass, 1968;Lovelace & Greenberg, 1969;Postman & Greenbloom, 1967;Rabinowitz & Witte, 1967: Richardson, 1972, and for child and/or retarded Ss, Baumeister & Berry, 1970;Berry & Baumeister, 1973: Berry, Joubert, & Baumeister, 1971Rabinowitz & McClinton, 1971). It is pOSSible, however, that the redundant-trigram research model is not as useful as an analogous model based on triads of unrelated words.…”