Formation of backward associations in paired-associates learning by normal children and retardates.

B-A learning as a function of degree of A-B learning.

“…Discussion. Although the methodologies used in the present study and by Baumeister and Campbell (1971) were quite different, the data are strikingly similar. When 5s were given highly available materials, a considerable amount of backward learning occurred at each test criterion in forward learning.…”

“…A recent study (Baumeister & Campbell, 1971) attempted to avoid the design problems discussed above by using black and white drawings of highly familiar objects in order to equate their availability as both stimulus and response terms. Baumeister and Campbell observed an orderly relationship between the forward and backward associative functions, although the relationships were not identical for the normal and retarded children studied.…”