Single letter coloring and spatial cuing eliminates a semantic contribution to the Stroop effect

Manwell, Laurie A.; Roberts, Martha Anne; Besner, Derek

doi:10.3758/bf03196595

Cited by 46 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 32 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…These results replicate previous reports in the literature (e.g., Augustinova & Ferrand, 2012;Augustinova et al 2010;Augustinova et al 2015;Labuschagne & Besner, 2015;Manwell et al 2004). According to reports by Spieler et al (1996) and Heathcote et al (1991), the standard Stroop effect yields effects on the mean of the normal distribution (mu), the standard deviation of the normal distribution (sigma), and the tail (tau).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…These items were taken from Manwell et al (2004) and were matched for length and frequency with the colors in the response set (red, green, blue, and yellow). Items were presented individually in lowercase Courier New font, size 18.…”

Section: Experiments 1 Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in the semantic Stroop effect (SSE; e.g., Augustinova & Ferrand, 2012, 2014Augustinova, Flaudias, & Ferrand, 2010;Augustinova, Silvert, Ferrand, Llorca, & Flaudias, 2015;Labuschagne & Besner, 2015;Manwell, Roberts, & Besner, 2004;Risko, Schmidt, & Besner, 2006;Schmidt & Cheesman, 2005). The semantic manipulation consists of color-associated words (e.g., the word sky, associated with …”

Section: The Semantic Stroop Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The semantic Stroop effect: An ex-Gaussian analysis

2016

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Previous analyses of the standard Stroop effect (which typically uses color words that form part of the response set) have documented effects on mean reaction times in hundreds of experiments in the literature. Less well known is the fact that ex-Gaussian analyses reveal that such effects are seen in (a) the mean of the normal distribution (mu), as well as in (b) the standard deviation of the normal distribution (sigma) and (c) the tail (tau). No ex-Gaussian analysis exists in the literature with respect to the semantically based Stroop effect (which contrasts incongruent color-associated words with, e.g., neutral controls). In the present experiments, we investigated whether the semantically based Stroop effect is also seen in the three ex-Gaussian parameters. Replicating previous reports, color naming was slower when the color was carried by an irrelevant (but incongruent) colorassociated word (e.g., sky, tomato) than when the control items consisted of neutral words (e.g., keg, palace) in each of four experiments. An ex-Gaussian analysis revealed that this semantically based Stroop effect was restricted to the arithmetic mean and mu; no semantic Stroop effect was observed in tau. These data are consistent with the views (1) that there is a clear difference in the source of the semantic Stroop effect, as compared to the standard Stroop effect (evidenced by the presence vs. absence of an effect on tau), and (2) that interference associated with response competition on incongruent trials in tau is absent in the semantic Stroop effect.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Experiments 1 Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Semantic Stroop Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The semantic Stroop effect: An ex-Gaussian analysis

2016

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To eliminate the impact of the latter type of competition, Neely and Kahan suggested that standard incongruent trials (e.g., the word blue displayed in green font) should be replaced by trials on which target words are simply associated with a color (e.g., sky displayed in green font). Any significant positive difference in mean response latencies between colorassociated trials and neutral trials (i.e., a semantically based Stroop effect) could then be interpreted as prima facie evidence that SA is automatic, whereas the failure to observe this effect would support the opposite conclusion (Besner, Stolz, & Boutilier, 1997;Manwell, Roberts, & Besner, 2004;Stolz & Besner, 1999). However, it is still far from certain that the semantically based Stroop effect can be reliably eliminated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, Manwell et al (2004) introduced variations into their incongruent trials. On half of these trials, only a single letter of the target word was spatially cued by an arrow and was displayed in a font color different from that named by the target word (e.g., only the letter b in the word blue appeared in green font).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-letter coloring and spatial cuing do not eliminate or reduce a semantic contribution to the Stroop effect

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The loci of Stroop effects: a critical review of methods and evidence for levels of processing contributing to color-word Stroop effects and the implications for the loci of attentional selection

Parris

Hasshim

Wadsley

et al. 2021

Psychological Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Despite instructions to ignore the irrelevant word in the Stroop task, it robustly influences the time it takes to identify the color, leading to performance decrements (interference) or enhancements (facilitation). The present review addresses two questions: (1) What levels of processing contribute to Stroop effects; and (2) Where does attentional selection occur? The methods that are used in the Stroop literature to measure the candidate varieties of interference and facilitation are critically evaluated and the processing levels that contribute to Stroop effects are discussed. It is concluded that the literature does not provide clear evidence for a distinction between conflicting and facilitating representations at phonological, semantic and response levels (together referred to as informational conflict), because the methods do not currently permit their isolated measurement. In contrast, it is argued that the evidence for task conflict as being distinct from informational conflict is strong and, thus, that there are at least two loci of attentional selection in the Stroop task. Evidence suggests that task conflict occurs earlier, has a different developmental trajectory and is independently controlled which supports the notion of a separate mechanism of attentional selection. The modifying effects of response modes and evidence for Stroop effects at the level of response execution are also discussed. It is argued that multiple studies claiming to have distinguished response and semantic conflict have not done so unambiguously and that models of Stroop task performance need to be modified to more effectively account for the loci of Stroop effects.

show abstract

Single letter coloring and spatial cuing eliminates a semantic contribution to the Stroop effect

Cited by 46 publications

References 32 publications

The semantic Stroop effect: An ex-Gaussian analysis

The semantic Stroop effect: An ex-Gaussian analysis

Single-letter coloring and spatial cuing do not eliminate or reduce a semantic contribution to the Stroop effect

The loci of Stroop effects: a critical review of methods and evidence for levels of processing contributing to color-word Stroop effects and the implications for the loci of attentional selection

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About