Single laboratory validation of a SPE method for the determination of PAHs in edible oils by GC-MS

A Review on the Occurrence and Analytical Determination of PAHs in Olive Oils

“…An alternative to saponification is LLE, although an additional purification step is usually required to remove the residual TAGs, since their removal is not as efficient as saponification. The most common solvents used have been dimethylformamide (DMF) [ 54 , 83 , 84 ] and acetonitrile (ACN) alone or mixed with acetone [ 47 , 48 , 55 , 73 , 85 , 86 , 89 , 90 , 92 ]. The amount of solvent consumed with LLE can vary greatly.…”

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils: An overview on sample preparation, determination strategies, and relative abundance of prevalent compounds

“…This partition has been microwave assisted (Alarcón, Báez, Bravo, Richter, & Fuentes, 2012) and, more commonly, ultrasound assisted (Costopoulou et al., 2010; Ergönül & Sánchez, 2013; Hossain & Salehuddin, 2012; Ju, Kim, Kim, & Baek, 2020; Shi et al., 2018; Shi, Zhang, & Liu, 2016; Taghvaee, Piravivanak, Rezaei, & Faraji, 2016; Teixeira et al., 2007; Wang & Guo, 2010; Yousefi et al., 2018; Zhao, Chen, Fang, Li, & Zhao, 2013). Samples may be diluted in hexane (Barranco et al., 2003; Camargo, Antoniolli, & Vicente, 2011; Cassimiro Belo, Nunes, Vieira Dos Santos, Augusti, & Pissinatti, 2012; Farrokhzadeh & Razmi, 2018; Guillén et al., 2004; Molle, Abballe, Gomes, Furlani, & Tfouni, 2017; Rascón, Azzouz, & Ballesteros, 2018; Tfouni, Padovani, Reis, Furlani, & Camargo, 2014) or pentane (Diletti et al., 2005) prior to the extraction. Alternatively, samples may be directly applied to the partition, which has been the more common choice (Alves da Silva, Ferraz da Silva Torres, Palma de Almeida, & Rodrigues‐Sampaio, 2018; Alves da Silva, Rodrigues‐Sampaio, & Ferraz da Silva Torres, 2017; Shi et al., 2016; Shi et al., 2018; Taghvaee et al., 2016; Yousefi et al., 2018; Zhou, Jiang, Mao, Zhao, & Lu, 2016).…”

“…Some authors have followed the indications of the ISO regulation for the C18 column (with slight modifications in some cases), activating the cartridge with MeOH, ACN, or a mixture of both solvents and eluting the PAHs with mixtures of ACN/acetone (Rascón et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2013). In other cases, C18 cartridges have been conditioned with MeOH and DMF/water (at different proportions) and PAHs have been subsequently eluted with hexane (Alves da Silva et al., 2018; Barranco et al., 2003; Camargo et al., 2011; Cassimiro Belo et al., 2012; Tfouni et al., 2014). Silica cartridges have been also used during the purification stage.…”

“…(2015) concatenated two SPE steps, selecting Oasis HLB and Florisil as the solid phase of each of the cartridges, respectively; Cassimiro Belo et al. (2012) conducted a similar strategy, carrying out the first SPE in a C18 cartridge and a subsequent silica‐based SPE. Finally, it is worth mentioning that Jung et al.…”

“…Generally, oven temperature starts at 70 to 80 • C, and it is progressively increased by applying diverse temperature gradient slopes. Only a few reports (Alomirah et al, 2010;Bogusz et al, 2004;Cassimiro Belo et al, 2012;Chung & Lau, 2015;Guillén et al, 2004;Hossain & Salehuddin, 2012;Vichi et al, 2005Vichi et al, , 2007) stated a lower starting temperature (40 to 50 • C). In the case of Vichi et al (2005Vichi et al ( , 2007, the lower temperature is justified considering the variety of target analytes to be encompassed within the same analysis.…”