A Review on the Occurrence and Analytical Determination of PAHs in Olive Oils

Bertoz, Valentina; Purcaro, Giorgia; Conchione, Chiara; Moret, Sabrina

doi:10.3390/foods10020324

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Mais recentemente, têm-se avaliado que o polietileno reciclado contaminado, presente em garrafas e embalagens plásticas, pode ser uma importante fonte de contaminação, e quanto maior o tempo de armazenamento maiores são as concentrações encontradas. Também o armazenamento da matéria prima em sacos de juta tratados com óleos minerais pode causar a migração de HPAs para os alimentos [8].…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…Considerando a toxicidade relacionada aos HPAs, a presença em alimentos e óleos vegetais vem sendo extensivamente estudada [8]. A contaminação dos alimentos por HPAs pode proceder de diferentes fontes, incluindo rotas ambientais (ar, solo ou água contaminados) ou rotas sintéticas (métodos de cozimento e processamento de alimentos).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…No processamento, a contaminação pode ocorrer devido à secagem da matéria prima, pelo uso de lubrificantes e detergentes, e pela extração dos óleos com solventes. O uso de óleo mineral ou de polietileno reciclado nas embalagens, que apresentem HPAs, podem ser fontes de contaminação [8].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Óleos encapsulados: perfil de ácidos graxos e contaminação por hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos

Yamashita

Silva²,

Almeida³

et al. 2021

Sci. Plena

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Os óleos vegetais encapsulados podem ser extraídos a frio e ter como origem fontes não convencionais, reconhecidos por preservarem compostos bioativos característicos e, alguns deles, serem fontes de ácidos graxos essenciais. No entanto, são produtos geralmente onerosos e por este motivo, passíveis de adulteração com óleos de menor qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a identidade e a contaminação por hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) de óleos encapsulados. Foram avaliadas catorze amostras, de diferentes tipos e marcas, comercializadas na cidade de São Paulo. Os ensaios realizados incluíram perfil de ácidos graxos e HPAs [benzo(a)antraceno, criseno, benzo(b)fluoranteno e benzo(a)pireno]. Duas amostras (14%) foram consideradas insatisfatórias quanto aos perfis de ácidos graxos, incluindo óleos de coco e borragem. Quanto aos HPAs, as concentrações para o benzo(a)pireno variaram de <LQ a 0,51 µg/kg e, para a soma dos 4 HPAs, de <LQ a 5,83 µg/kg. A avaliação e monitoramento destes óleos encapsulados deve ser constante, considerando o frequente consumo pela população e a possibilidade dos mesmos estarem adulterados.

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Section: Resultsunclassified

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Óleos encapsulados: perfil de ácidos graxos e contaminação por hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos

Yamashita

Silva²,

Almeida³

et al. 2021

Sci. Plena

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“…Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large class of compounds characterized by the fusion of two or more aromatic rings and are classified into light and heavy according to the number of benzene rings, i.e., 2–3 in the former case and 4–6 in the latter [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Due to their chemical structure, PAHs are poorly soluble in water but highly affinitive to non-polar solvents and oils [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. PAHs are ubiquitous environmental and processing contaminants generated by both spontaneous and anthropogenic incomplete combustion processes of organic matter [ 2 , 3 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring and Occurrence of Heavy PAHs in Pomace Oil Supply Chain Using a Double-Step Solid-Phase Purification and HPLC-FLD Determination

Barp

Moret

Purcaro

2022

Foods

Self Cite

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental and processing contaminants generated by both spontaneous and anthropogenic incomplete combustion processes of organic matter. Contamination of PAHs in vegetable oils can result from several factors and processes, including environmental contamination, oil processing, and migration from food contact materials. The determination of PAHs in edible oil presents a challenge because of the complexity of the matrix. Since PAHs are present at lower levels than triglycerides, it is necessary to isolate the compounds of interest from the rest of the matrix. To this purpose, a new purification approach based on a double solid-phase extraction (SPE) step followed by high performance liquid chromatography–fluorometric detector (HPLC-FLD) analysis was developed. The method involves a first purification step by using a 5 g silica SPE cartridge, previously washed with dichloromethane (20 mL), dried completely, and then conditioned with n-hexane (20 mL). The triglycerides are retained by the silica, while the PAH-containing fraction is eluted with a mixture of n-hexane/dichloromethane (70/30, v/v). After evaporation, the residue is loaded on a 5 g amino SPE cartridge and eluted with n-hexane/toluene (70/30, v/v) before HPLC-FLD analysis. The focus was the evaluation of the contribution of the various phases of the pomace oil supply chain in terms of the heavy PAHs (PAH8) concentration. Data collected showed that pomace contamination increased (by 15 times) as storage time increased. In addition, the process of pomace drying, which is necessary to reduce its moisture content before solvent extraction of the residual oil, appeared to significantly contribute to the total heavy PAHs content, with increases in value by up to 75 times.

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“…The wastewater obtained from oil and gas exploration industries is known as produced water (PW) [5]. The range of PAH concentration in PW reported by various research is from 124 to 1000 µg L −1 [6][7][8][9], and these pollutants are precarious even in low concentrations (µg L −1 -mg L −1 ) [7]. In addition, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has declared 16 PAHs as priority chemicals because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic effects [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Micro-Pollutants’ Removal from Wastewater Using Agricultural Waste-Derived Sustainable Adsorbent

Alhothali

Haneef

Mustafa

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Water pollution due to the discharge of untreated industrial effluents is a serious environmental and public health issue. The presence of organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) causes worldwide concern because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on aquatic life, human beings, and the environment. PAHs are pervasive atmospheric compounds that cause nervous system damage, mental retardation, cancer, and renal kidney diseases. This research presents the first usage of palm kernel shell biochar (PKSB) (obtained from agricultural waste) for PAH removal from industrial wastewater (oil and gas wastewater/produced water). A batch scale study was conducted for the remediation of PAHs and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from produced water. The influence of operating parameters such as biochar dosage, pH, and contact time was optimized and validated using a response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimized conditions, i.e., biochar dosage 2.99 g L−1, pH 4.0, and contact time 208.89 min, 93.16% of PAHs and 97.84% of COD were predicted. However, under optimized conditions of independent variables, 95.34% of PAH and 98.21% of COD removal was obtained in the laboratory. The experimental data were fitted to the empirical second-order model of a suitable degree for the maximum removal of PAHs and COD by the biochar. ANOVA analysis showed a high coefficient of determination value (R2 = 0.97) and a reasonable second-order regression prediction. Additionally, the study also showed a comparative analysis of PKSB with previously used agricultural waste biochar for PAH and COD removal. The PKSB showed significantly higher removal efficiency than other types of biochar. The study also provides analysis on the reusability of PKSB for up to four cycles using two different methods. The methods reflected a significantly good performance for PAH and COD removal for up to two cycles. Hence, the study demonstrated a successful application of PKSB as a potential sustainable adsorbent for the removal of micro-pollutants from produced water.

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A Review on the Occurrence and Analytical Determination of PAHs in Olive Oils

Cited by 29 publications

References 83 publications

Óleos encapsulados: perfil de ácidos graxos e contaminação por hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos

Óleos encapsulados: perfil de ácidos graxos e contaminação por hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos

Monitoring and Occurrence of Heavy PAHs in Pomace Oil Supply Chain Using a Double-Step Solid-Phase Purification and HPLC-FLD Determination

Optimization of Micro-Pollutants’ Removal from Wastewater Using Agricultural Waste-Derived Sustainable Adsorbent

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