Single Event Latchup (SEL) and Single Event Upset (SEU) Evaluation of Xilinx 7nm Versal™ ACAP programmable logic (PL)

Artificial Neural Networks for Space and Safety-Critical Applications: Reliability Issues and Potential Solutions

“…Device(s) Code(s) Radiation Main Considerations [123] GPU MxM neutrons first public data on GPUs reliability [7], [124] GPU various neutrons scheduler and parallelism management is vulnerable and critical [125], [126] GPU MxM, FFT neutrons multiple output elements can be corrupted by a single particle [127] GPU, Xeon Phi various neutrons the parallel architecture influences the code sensitivity and error criticality [128] GPU, ARM, FPGA various neutrons strong dependence between computing architecture and code sensitivity [11] GPU MxM, CNNs neutrons multiple corruptions cause misclassification on CNNs [129] tensor cores MxM neutrons tensor cores have higher error rate and different fault model [130] GPU, Xeon Phi, FPGA various neutrons low precision reduces the error rate but has a higher impact on the output [131] GPU MxM, Yolov3 neutrons most DUEs are generated in hidden hardware resources [132] GPU DDR various neutrons on-board DDR are prone to experience permanent faults [133], [134] FPGA MNIST neutrons high error rate, reduced with lower precision implementation [135] NeuroShield CNNs neutrons robust setup and simple fault model [13] Google TPU conv., CNNs neutrons characterization of atomic operations and CNN fault model [136] Versal SoC various neutrons neutrons and protons data, no permanent effect [137] Flashed-based FPGA LeNet neutrons low precision increase fault criticality [138], [139] GPU SoC MxM, LuD protons software implementation and parallelism impact the GPU error rate [140] AMD GPU various protons FIT rate and behavior under protons [141] Versal ACAP various protons neutrons and 64MeV protons SEL and SEU data on Programable Logic [142] Versal SoC various ions comparison of protons and ios, no SEL [143] GPU various ions overview of heavy ion test setup and data [144] AI accelerators various ions extensive comparison of the reliability of AI accelerators for in space [145], [146] Myriad VPU various ions no latchup, low error rate in DDR, potentially good for space mission [147]…”

Evaluating embedded hardware for high-order wavefront sensing and control

“…While these components are not specifically designed for the radiation environment of space, radiation testing of the Versal series of processors fabricated in the 7nm node has shown low susceptibility to radiation effects. 51,52 Such processors could be furthered tested to the necessary reliability levels and formally upscreened for use in space environments. We summarize potential paths to the necessary processor features in Figure 4.…”