Single-chain surfactant monolayer on carbon paste electrode and its application for the studies on the direct electron transfer of hemoglobin

Direct Electrochemistry of Hemoglobin Immobilized on Hydrophilic Ionic Liquid-chitosan-ZrO2 Nanoparticles Composite Film with Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrode as the Platform

“…[2][3][4] So proteins are often incorporated into different thin film-modified electrodes, which can enhance the direct electron transfer rate between the proteins or enzymes and the underlying electrodes. A variety of materials, such as surfactants, [5][6][7][8][9][10] sol-gels, [11][12][13] polymers, 14-17 composite films, [18][19][20][21] carbon nanotubes, [22][23][24][25][26][27] and nanoparticles [28][29][30][31][32] have been employed to immobilize enzymes. Recently, nanoparticles have attracted increasing attention in electrochemical studies for the protein electrochemistry and protein immobilization because of some noticeable advantages of nanoparticles, such as large surface area, high thermal and chemical stability, tunable porosity and biocompatibility.…”

Electrochemical behavior of hemoglobin in neutral surfactants with different poly(ethylene oxide) unit lengths adsorbed on an electrode

“…The formal potential (E), calculated from the average value of the cathodic and anodic peak potentials, shifted positively with increasing PEO unit length of the surfactant. The more positive potential may indicate that the adsorbed Hb is in a favorable orientation [14]. The redox peak currents of Hb entrapped in the AEO9 film (curve c) were much larger than in the other two cases (curve a and curve b), which cannot be easily interpreted in terms of the tunneling effect of surfactants described in reports by other researchers [14].…”

“…However, there has been little discussion on the mechanism of adsorption of surfactants on electrodes. Hu's group has taken CTAB, a single chain surfactant, as a model to explore the adsorption behavior for different surfactant concentrations at a carbon paste electrode [13] and more recent studies by the same group have focused on the adsorption behavior of surfactants with different lengths and different charges on carbon paste electrodes [14]. Therefore, further study of surfactant adsorption behavior on electrodes is warranted.…”

“…They postulated that the surfactant provides an electron-tunneling pathway between proteins and electrodes. More recently, Xu et al [14] employed four different cationic surfactants, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), tetradecylpyridinium bromide (TPB), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and octodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (OTAB) to modify an electrode. The results indicated that the adsorption behavior of surfactants on electrodes is very complex.…”

Modification of Carbon Electrode Surfaces

“…The hydrophobicity of the surfactants rather than their charge is found to be crucial in promoting the electrode response. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and reflection-absorption infrared (RAIR) spectra suggest that the native conformation of hemoglobin in these films remains unchanged; consequently, its catalytic activity toward hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide was found to be almost the same as compared to its activity in the absence of surfactant [164]. The electrochemical response of screen-printed electrodes toward hydrogen peroxide increases 8-to 10-fold while modified with nonionic surfactants, for example, Triton X-100 and Tween 20 [165].…”