Single-Cell Transcriptome Atlas of Newcastle Disease Virus in Chickens Both In Vitro and In Vivo

Abstract

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus that causes major economic losses to the poultry industry around the world, with NDV pathogenicity varying due to strain virulence differences. However, the impacts of intracellular viral replication and the heterogeneity of host responses among cell types are unknown.

Changes in the Transcriptome Profile in Young Chickens after Infection with LaSota Newcastle Disease Virus

“…Furthermore, the enrichment map (supplementary table S5) has identified proteins that, to date, have not been specifically linked to NDV vaccinal response. Among the defense response to virus cluster genes, which include DDX60, DHX58, IFIT5, OASL, CMPK2, and RSAD2, the latter two, have little characterized antiviral action upon NDV infection [11,47,48]. Moreover, USP41 which has been identified as part of interferon regulatory factor, and negative regulation of viral genome replication clusters has not yet been linked to the immune response against NDV in chickens, according to current knowledge.…”

Changes in the Transcriptome Profile in Young Chickens after Infection with LaSota Newcastle Disease Virus

“…Furthermore, the enrichment map ( Supplementary Table S6 ) has identified core genes encoding proteins that, to date, have not been specifically linked to NDV vaccinal response. Among the defense response to virus cluster genes, which include DDX60, DHX58, IFIT5, OASL, CMPK2, and RSAD2, the latter two have little characterized antiviral action upon NDV infection [ 10 , 46 , 47 ]. Moreover, USP41, which has been identified as part of the interferon regulatory factor and the negative regulation of viral genome replication clusters has not yet been linked to the immune response against NDV in chickens, according to our current knowledge.…”

Toll-like Receptor Ligands Enhance Vaccine Efficacy against a Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Challenge in Chickens

“…Taken together, our study and previously published studies show that the kine antiviral gene expression vary significantly by the tissues, type and potency of ad used, and dose and routes of adjuvant application. It should also be noted that virus whether as a vaccine or a challenge virus, will affect the antiviral gene response [18, Recently, Liu et al [45] utilized single-cell RNA sequencing of both host and vira scriptomes in lung tissue from NDV-infected chickens, and the gene expression pa and the IFN response in different putative trajectories were demonstrated. Consi the heterogeneity of cells in tissues and the different level of TLRs expressed by a v of cell subsets, the comprehensive approach such as single-cell transcriptome an may pave the way for a better understanding and delineation of the immune cor related to TLR ligands as prophylactic and vaccine adjuvant applications in future st Taken together, our study and previously published studies show that the kinetics of antiviral gene expression vary significantly by the tissues, type and potency of adjuvant used, and dose and routes of adjuvant application.…”

“…It should also be noted that virus itself, whether as a vaccine or a challenge virus, will affect the antiviral gene response [18,42,44]. Recently, Liu et al [45] utilized single-cell RNA sequencing of both host and viral transcriptomes in lung tissue from NDV-infected chickens, and the gene expression patterns and the IFN response in different putative trajectories were demonstrated. Considering the heterogeneity of cells in tissues and the different level of TLRs expressed by a variety of cell subsets, the comprehensive approach such as single-cell transcriptome analysis may pave the way for a better understanding and delineation of the immune correlates related to TLR ligands as prophylactic and vaccine adjuvant applications in future studies.…”